With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, computational pathology has been seamlessly integrated into the entire clinical workflow, which encompasses diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and biomarker discovery. This integration has significantly enhanced clinical accuracy and efficiency while reducing the workload for clinicians. Traditionally, research in this field has depended on the collection and labeling of large datasets for specific tasks, followed by the development of task-specific computational pathology models. However, this approach is labor intensive and does not scale efficiently for open-set identification or rare diseases. Given the diversity of clinical tasks, training individual models from scratch to address the whole spectrum of clinical tasks in the pathology workflow is impractical, which highlights the urgent need to transition from task-specific models to foundation models (FMs). In recent years, pathological FMs have proliferated. These FMs can be classified into three categories, namely, pathology image FMs, pathology image-text FMs, and pathology image-gene FMs, each of which results in distinct functionalities and application scenarios. This review provides an overview of the latest research advancements in pathological FMs, with a particular emphasis on their applications in oncology. The key challenges and opportunities presented by pathological FMs in precision oncology are also explored.
Humans ; Precision Medicine/methods* ; Medical Oncology/methods* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Computational Biology/methods*

The circadian clock plays a critical role in regulating various physiological processes, including gene expression, metabolic regulation, immune response, and the sleep-wake cycle in living organisms. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial regulatory mechanisms to maintain the precise oscillation of the circadian clock. By modulating the stability, activity, cell localization and protein-protein interactions of core clock proteins, PTMs enable these proteins to respond dynamically to environmental and intracellular changes, thereby sustaining the periodic oscillations of the circadian clock. Different types of PTMs exert their effects through distincting molecular mechanisms, collectively ensuring the proper function of the circadian system. This review systematically summarized several major types of PTMs, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and oxidative modification, and overviewed their roles in regulating the core clock proteins and the associated pathways, with the goals of providing a theoretical foundation for the deeper understanding of clock mechanisms and the treatment of diseases associated with circadian disruption.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology* ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology* ; Humans ; Animals ; CLOCK Proteins/physiology* ; Circadian Clocks/physiology* ; Phosphorylation ; Acetylation ; Ubiquitination ; Sumoylation

A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 445 food service employees from 67 Chinese restaurants across all 16 administrative districts of Beijing City from August to December in 2022. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding salt reduction and hypertension. The results revealed that awareness was highest for the statement "Hypertensive patients should reduce salt intake" (88.3%), while awareness of "China′s diagnostic criteria for hypertension" was the lowest (23.8%). Positive attitude endorsement rates were 96.0% for willingness to reduce salt, 95.3% for perceived self-efficacy in salt reduction, and 93.0% for agreement with a low-salt diet. Regarding behaviors, the rates of actively reducing salt when ordering takeout or dining out, using low-sodium salt, and using salt-reducing spoons were 73.7%, 45.4%, and 55.5%, respectively. The overall compliance rate for salt-reduction related behaviors was 73.9%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that: compared to the 18-29 age group, employees aged 30-39 ( OR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.16-4.14), 40-49 ( OR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.52-7.42), and 50-59 ( OR=3.25, 95% CI: 1.25-8.50) were significantly more likely to achieve compliance with salt-reduction behaviors; chefs were significantly more likely to achieve behavioral compliance compared to managerial staff ( OR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.08-3.98); employees in catering with adequate knowledge about salt reduction and hypertension were significantly more likely to exhibit behavioral compliance compared to those with inadequate knowledge ( OR=3.32, 95% CI: 1.83-5.92); employees in catering with positive attitudes towards salt reduction were significantly more likely to achieve behavioral compliance compared to those with negative attitudes ( OR=5.81, 95% CI: 2.05-16.43). In conclusion, food service employees in Beijing exhibit insufficient knowledge about salt intake and hypertension. While they demonstrate strong willingness to reduce salt, this does not consistently translate into action. Compliance with salt-reduction behaviors is influenced by age, education level, and job position. There is an urgent need to strengthen the dissemination of knowledge regarding high salt intake and hypertension and to implement personalized interventions targeting salt-reduction behaviors and skills.

Objective To evaluate the subchronic systemic toxicity of disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets using hydroxyethyl starch(HES)130/0.4 sodium chloride injection as an extraction medium.Methods Firstly,40 Sprague Dawley(SD)rats including 20 male and 20 female ones were seleted and randomly enrolled into a sample group and a control group by sex,with 20 ones in each group.Secondly,instead of plasma HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection was used to leach disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets to prepare the test solution by simulating clinical application such as lighting,adsorption and filtration and storage.Finally,the test solution and HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection were injected into the tail vein of the SD rats at a dose of 20 mL/kg for 28 d in the sample group and in the control group respectively,and the subchronic systemic toxicity of disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets and the feasibility of using HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection as the extraction medium to assess their subchronic systemic toxicity were evaluated with clinical observation,body mass monitoring,clinical pathology examination,gross necropsy and histopathology examination.Results The sample group and control group had no significant differences in mortality rates,clinical observation results,body mass,gross necropsy results,hematological and coagulation examination results and organ weight(all P>0.05);blood biochemical examinations showed the male rats in the sample group had the cholesterol(CHO)values higher while the creatinine(CR)values lower than those in the control group,with the differences being statistically significant(both P<0.05)and the two indexes within the range of the laboratory's historical reference data,and other blood biochemical indexes were not significantly different(all P>0.05);the sample group had the spleen weight-to-body mass ratios of the female rates lower significantly than those in the control group(P<0.05),and the ratios of other organ weight to body mass had significant differences(all P>0.05);histopathology examination showed slight pathological changes in liver,spleen and kidney of female rats and in spleen and kidney of male rats in the sample group,and the female and male rats in the control group had similar pathological changes found in the sample group,which might be caused by HES metabolites.Conclusion Disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets prove to have no significant subchronic systemic toxicity,and its feasible to use HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection as the extraction medium to evaluate the subchronic systemic toxicity of disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(10):29-35]

Objective To evaluate the subchronic systemic toxicity of disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets using hydroxyethyl starch(HES)130/0.4 sodium chloride injection as an extraction medium.Methods Firstly,40 Sprague Dawley(SD)rats including 20 male and 20 female ones were seleted and randomly enrolled into a sample group and a control group by sex,with 20 ones in each group.Secondly,instead of plasma HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection was used to leach disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets to prepare the test solution by simulating clinical application such as lighting,adsorption and filtration and storage.Finally,the test solution and HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection were injected into the tail vein of the SD rats at a dose of 20 mL/kg for 28 d in the sample group and in the control group respectively,and the subchronic systemic toxicity of disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets and the feasibility of using HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection as the extraction medium to assess their subchronic systemic toxicity were evaluated with clinical observation,body mass monitoring,clinical pathology examination,gross necropsy and histopathology examination.Results The sample group and control group had no significant differences in mortality rates,clinical observation results,body mass,gross necropsy results,hematological and coagulation examination results and organ weight(all P>0.05);blood biochemical examinations showed the male rats in the sample group had the cholesterol(CHO)values higher while the creatinine(CR)values lower than those in the control group,with the differences being statistically significant(both P<0.05)and the two indexes within the range of the laboratory's historical reference data,and other blood biochemical indexes were not significantly different(all P>0.05);the sample group had the spleen weight-to-body mass ratios of the female rates lower significantly than those in the control group(P<0.05),and the ratios of other organ weight to body mass had significant differences(all P>0.05);histopathology examination showed slight pathological changes in liver,spleen and kidney of female rats and in spleen and kidney of male rats in the sample group,and the female and male rats in the control group had similar pathological changes found in the sample group,which might be caused by HES metabolites.Conclusion Disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets prove to have no significant subchronic systemic toxicity,and its feasible to use HES 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection as the extraction medium to evaluate the subchronic systemic toxicity of disposable plasma virus-inactivated blood transfusion sets.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(10):29-35]

A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 445 food service employees from 67 Chinese restaurants across all 16 administrative districts of Beijing City from August to December in 2022. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding salt reduction and hypertension. The results revealed that awareness was highest for the statement "Hypertensive patients should reduce salt intake" (88.3%), while awareness of "China′s diagnostic criteria for hypertension" was the lowest (23.8%). Positive attitude endorsement rates were 96.0% for willingness to reduce salt, 95.3% for perceived self-efficacy in salt reduction, and 93.0% for agreement with a low-salt diet. Regarding behaviors, the rates of actively reducing salt when ordering takeout or dining out, using low-sodium salt, and using salt-reducing spoons were 73.7%, 45.4%, and 55.5%, respectively. The overall compliance rate for salt-reduction related behaviors was 73.9%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that: compared to the 18-29 age group, employees aged 30-39 ( OR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.16-4.14), 40-49 ( OR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.52-7.42), and 50-59 ( OR=3.25, 95% CI: 1.25-8.50) were significantly more likely to achieve compliance with salt-reduction behaviors; chefs were significantly more likely to achieve behavioral compliance compared to managerial staff ( OR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.08-3.98); employees in catering with adequate knowledge about salt reduction and hypertension were significantly more likely to exhibit behavioral compliance compared to those with inadequate knowledge ( OR=3.32, 95% CI: 1.83-5.92); employees in catering with positive attitudes towards salt reduction were significantly more likely to achieve behavioral compliance compared to those with negative attitudes ( OR=5.81, 95% CI: 2.05-16.43). In conclusion, food service employees in Beijing exhibit insufficient knowledge about salt intake and hypertension. While they demonstrate strong willingness to reduce salt, this does not consistently translate into action. Compliance with salt-reduction behaviors is influenced by age, education level, and job position. There is an urgent need to strengthen the dissemination of knowledge regarding high salt intake and hypertension and to implement personalized interventions targeting salt-reduction behaviors and skills.

AIM To investigate the effects of aloperine on the pulmonary expressions of TREM-1 and TREM-2 in septic rats.METHODS The rats were randomly divided into the control group,the model group and the low,medium and high dose aloperine groups ( 25,50 and 100 mg/kg ).The corresponding intraperitoneal aloperine injection was administered 0.5 h before modeling,and the rats'Penh,Cdyn and EF50 were detected 24 hrs after modeling.The rats had their pathological injury of the lung tissue observed by HE staining;their pulmonary mRNA expressions of TREM-1,TREM-2,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-10 detected by RT-qPCR method;and their pulmonary protein expressions of TREM-1,TREM-2,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-10,p-p65,p-PI3K and p-Akt detected by Western blot.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the model group displayed increased Penh (P<0.01),decreased Cdyn and EF50 ( P<0.01);destroyed lung tissue structure and thickened alveolar septum,increased mRNA and protein expressions of TREM-1,TNF-αand IL-1β( P<0.05,P<0.01);decreased mRNA and protein expressions of TREM-2 and IL-10 ( P<0.05,P<0.01);and increased protein expressions of p-p65,p-PI3K and p-Akt (P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the aloperine groups shared decreased Penh ( P<0.01);increased Cdyn and EF50 ( P<0.01);improved pulmonary structure and thinner alveolar wall,decreased mRNA and protein expressions of TREM-1,TNF-α and IL-1β( P<0.05,P<0.01 );increased mRNA and protein expressions of TREM-2 and IL-10 ( P<0.05,P<0.01);and decreased protein expressions of p-p65,p-PI3K and p-Akt (P<0.05,P<0.01).CONCLUSION Aloperine can alleviate the inflammatory response of septic rats by down-regulating TREM-1 expression and up-regulating TREM-2 expression,which may be related to the inhibited activation of PI3K signaling pathway.

Coronary perforation is when a contrast agent or blood flows outside a blood vessel through a tear in a coronary artery.In this case,we reported a case of percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary calcified lesions,which led to iatrogenic coronary perforation and cardiac tamponade after the use of Shockwave balloon to treat intracoronary calcified nodules,and the management of PCI-related CAP was systematically reviewed through the literature.

Tumor is one of the major diseases that endanger people’s health. At present, the treatments used for tumor include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and so on. Nonetheless, the traditional treatments have some disadvantages, such as insufficient treatment effect, liable to cause multidrug resistance, toxicity and side effect. Further research and exploration of tumor treatment schemes are still necessary. As the energy converter of cells, mitochondria are currently considered to be one of the most important targets for the design of new drugs for tumor, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Nano-drug delivery carriers have the characteristics of being easily modified with active targeting groups, and it can achieve accurate targeted drug delivery to cells and organelles. This paper reviews the application of mitochondrial targeted nanoparticles in tumor diagnosis and treatment from the aspects of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor recurrence and metastasis, and inducing cell autophagy.

ObjectiveTranscription factor NFE2 was observed abnormal expression in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients. However, how NFE2 is transcriptionally regulated remains ambiguous. This study aims to explore the elements and molecular mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of NFE2. MethodsActive enhancers were predicted by public NGS data and conformed experimentally via dual luciferase reporter assay. After that, PRO-seq and GRO-seq data was used to detect enhancer RNAs transcribed from these enhancers. RACE was utilized to clone the full length enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcripts, and RT-qPCR was used to measure their expression in different leukemia cell lines as well as the transcript levels during induced differentiation. Finally, to investigate the molecular function of the eRNA, overexpression and knockdown of the eRNA via lentivirus system was performed in K562 cells. ResultsWe identified three enhancers regulating NFE2 transcription, which located at -3.6k, -6.2k and +6.3k from NFE2 transcription start site (TSS) respectively. At the -3.6k enhancer, we cloned an eRNA transcript and characterized that as a lncRNA which was expressed and located in the nucleus in three types of leukemia cell lines. When this lncRNA was overexpressed, expression of NFE2 was upregulated and decreases of K562 cell proliferation and migration ability were observed. While knocking down of this lncRNA, the level of NFE2 decreases correspondingly and the proliferation ability of K562 cells increases accordingly. ConclusionWe identified an enhancer lncRNA that regulates NFE2 transcription positively and suppresses K562 cell proliferation.