This study aims to investigate the antipyretic effects and mechanisms of ethanol extracts from Arisaematis Rhizoma fermented with bile from different sources on a rat model of fever induced by a dry-yeast suspension. The rat model of fever was established by subcutaneous injection of 20% dry-yeast suspension into the rat back. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6) in the serum, as well as prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) in the hypothalamus, were determined by ELISA. Metabolomics analysis was then performed on serum and hypothalamus samples based on UPLC-Q-TOF MS to explore the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways. The results showed that the body temperatures of rats significantly rose 4 h after modeling. After oral administration of high-dose ethanol extracts of Arisaematis Rhizoma fermented with bovine bile(NCH) and porcine bile(ZCH), the body temperatures of rats declined(P<0.05), and the NCH group showed better antipyretic effect than the ZCH group. Additionally, compared with the model group, the NCH and ZCH groups showed lowered levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE_2, and cAMP(P<0.01). The results of serum and hypothalamus metabolomics analysis indicated that both NCH and ZCH exerted antipyretic effects by regulating phenylalanine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Collectively, both NCH and ZCH can play an obvious antipyretic role in the rat model of dry yeast-induced fever, and the underlying mechanism might be closely associated with inhibiting inflammation and regulating metabolic disorders. Moreover, NCH demonstrates better antipyretic effect.
Animals ; Rats ; Male ; Fermentation ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhizome/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Bile/chemistry* ; Antipyretics/chemistry* ; Fever/metabolism* ; Cattle ; Swine ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Ethanol/chemistry* ; Interleukin-6/blood* ; Interleukin-1beta/blood*

Based on the high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia rat model, this study aimed to evaluate the lipid-lowering effect of Arisaema Cum Bile and explore its mechanisms, providing experimental evidence for its clinical application. Biochemical analysis was used to detect serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), triglycerides(TG), and total cholesterol(TC) to assess the lipid-lowering activity of Arisaema Cum Bile. Additionally, 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics techniques were employed to jointly elucidate the lipid-lowering mechanisms of Arisaema Cum Bile. The experimental results showed that high-dose Arisaema Cum Bile(PBA-H) significantly reduced serum ALT, AST, LDL-C, TG, and TC levels(P<0.01), and significantly increased HDL-C levels(P<0.01). The effect was similar to that of fenofibrate, with no significant difference. Furthermore, Arisaema Cum Bile significantly alleviated hepatocyte ballooning and mitigated fatty degeneration in liver tissues. As indicated by 16S rDNA sequencing results, PBA-H significantly enhanced both alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiota in the model rats, notably increasing the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Subdoligranulum species(P<0.01). Liver metabolomics analysis revealed that PBA-H primarily regulated pathways involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, vitamin B_6 metabolism, and steroid biosynthesis. In summary, Arisaema Cum Bile significantly improved abnormal blood lipid levels and liver pathology induced by a high-fat diet, regulated hepatic metabolic disorders, and improved the abundance and structural composition of gut microbiota, thereby exerting its lipid-lowering effect. The findings of this study provide experimental evidence for the clinical application of Arisaema Cum Bile and the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Rats ; Male ; Metabolomics ; Hyperlipidemias/microbiology* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Humans ; Alanine Transaminase/metabolism* ; Triglycerides/metabolism* ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the neuroprotective effects of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XFZYD) based on in vivo and metabolomics experiments. METHODS: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was induced via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. Thirty rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (10 for each): sham, CCI and XFZYD groups (9 g/kg). The administration was performed by intragastric administration for 3 days. Neurological functions tests, histology staining, coagulation and haemorheology assays, and Western blot were examined. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to identify metabolites. The key metabolite was validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: XFZYD significantly alleviated neurological dysfunction in CCI model rats (P<0.01) but had no impact on coagulation function. As evidenced by Evans blue and IgG staining, XFZYD effectively prevented blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption (P<0.05, P<0.01). Moreover, XFZYD not only increased the expression of collagen IV, occludin and zona occludens 1 but also decreased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which protected BBB integrity (all P<0.05). Nine potential metabolites were identified, and all of them were reversed by XFZYD. Adenosine was the most significantly altered metabolite related to BBB repair. XFZYD significantly reduced the level of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2) and increased adenosine (P<0.01), which may improve BBB integrity. CONCLUSIONS XFZYD ameliorates BBB disruption after TBI by decreasing the levels of MMP-9 and COX-2. Through further exploration via metabolomics, we found that XFZYD may exert a protective effect on BBB by regulating adenosine metabolism via ENT2.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism* ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism* ; Adenosine/metabolism* ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a kind of immune disease.Although immune cells and related immunological reactions play a crucial role in the pathogenesis,non-immune cells of IBD,including intestinal epithelial cells,stromal cells,and endothelial cells are also involved in this process.Recent studies have shown that gut non-immune cells play an important role in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis,matrix remodeling,immune response and inflammation.The composition,gene expression characteristics and cell functions of gut non-immune cells,as well as their role in the occurrence and progression of IBD,have been paid much attention in the field of gut research.In particular,recently,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)technology has initially clarified the gene expression characteristics and cell functions of different subgroups of intestinal cells,and the correlation between these changes and the occurrence and progression of IBD.Therefore,this review summarizes the progress of intestinal non-immune cells in IBD.

Aim To investigate the effect of vanillin on the regulation of cyclic guanylate adenylate synthetase(cGAS)/stimulator of interferon gene(STING)signa-ling pathway on hepatic tissue injury in rats with intra-hepatic cholestasis(IC).Methods SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,IC group,vanillin group,cGAS overexpression group,and vanillin+cGAS overexpression group,with continuous adminis-tration for seven days.The body weight,liver weight and liver to body weight ratio of rats were measured.Liver function(ALT,AST,ALP,LDH),IC(TBIL,TBA)and liver fibrosis(HA,LN,PC Ⅲ)index were determined by ELISA.Liver pathology and fibrosis were observed using HE and Masson staining,and col-lagen volume fraction was calculated.The expression of cGAS/STING pathway related proteins in liver tissue was detected by Western blot.Results Vanillin could improve liver pathology and fibrosis,increase body weight,and decrease liver weight,ALT,AST,ALP,LDH,TBIL,TBA,HA,LN,PC Ⅲ,collagen volume fraction,cGAS,STING protein in IC rats(P＜0.05).Overexpression of cGAS could reverse the effects of vanillin on the above indicators in IC rats(P＜0.05).Conclusions Vanillin may improve liver function,IC,liver fibrosis,and liver tissue damage in IC rats by downregulating the cGAS/STING signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the Gram-positive coccus resistance in nationwide's tertiary hospitals and understand the trend of antimicrobial resistance.Methods All the clinical isolates were collected from 19 hospitals and the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were tested using agar/broth dilution method recommended.Results A total of 1 974 pathogenic Gram-positive coccus from 19 tertiary hospitals in 19 cities nationwide over the period from July 2021 to June 2022 were studied.Based on the MIC results,the prevalence of methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus(MRSA)and methicillin resistant Stapylococcus epidermidis(MRSE)were 36.4％and 79.9％respectively.No vancomycin insensitivity Staphylococcus was detected.Staphylococcus aureus were 100％susceptibility to linezolid and teicoplanin.Antibiotic resistance rate of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium to ampicillin were 3.1％and 92.9％.The detectation rate of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus(VRE)was 1.6％.Nonsusceptibility rate of Enterococcus faecalis to linezolid was 32.2％,two consecutive monitoring rises and nonsusceptibility rate of Enterococcus faecium(12.5％)was also significantly increased.The prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae(PNSSP)was 0.8％based on non-meningitis and parenteral administration criterion,decrease of nearly 30 percentage points from the previous surveillance.While for cases of oral penicillin,the rate was 71.8％,showing similar to last time.The results indicated that the number of strains with higher MIC value of penicillin(MIC ≥4 mg·L-1)decreased significantly.There were no significant differences of resistance rates of Stapylococcus aureus,Stapylococcus epidermidis,Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae among various groups such as different department,age,or specimen source.Conclusion VRE detection ratio stablized at a relatively low level.The number of Streptococcus pneumoniae with higher MIC value of penicillin decreased significantly compared with the previous monitoring.The increase of linezolidin-insensitive Enterococcus was noteworthy.

Objective To investigate the Gram-negative bacteria resistance in nationwide's tertiary hospitals and understand the trend of antimicrobial resistance.Method All the clinical isolates were collected from 19 hospitals and the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were tested using agar/broth dilution method recommended.Results A total of 4 066 pathogenic isolates from 19 tertiary hospitals in 19 cities nationwide over the period from July 2021 to June 2022 were studied.Based on the MIC results,Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed extended spectrum β-lactamase(ESBLs)phenotype rates of 55.0％and 21.0％,respectively,ESBLs phenotype rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae keep going down.The ratios of carbapenems resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae increased by 5 percentage points compared with the previous monitoring.Carbapenems,moxalactam,sitafloxacin,β-lactam combination agents,fosfomycin trometamol,and amikacin displayed desirable antibacterial activity against Enterbacterales,susceptibal rates were above 75％.In addition,tigacycline,omacycline,colistin and fluoxefin maintained good antibacterial activity against their respective effective bacteria/species,and the bacterial sensitivity rates by more than 80％.Resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannnii to imipenem were 26.3％and 72.1％and multidrug-resistant(MDR)detection rates were 41.1％and 77.3％,extensively drug-resistant(XDR)were 12.0％and 71.8％,respectively.Comparison of drug resistance rates from different wards,ages and specimen sources indicated that the proportion of resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from intensive care unit(ICU)were significantly higher than non-ICU.Carbapenem resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from ICU were more than 35％.Resistance rates of Haemophilus influenzae isolated in children to β-lactam,macrolide,clindamycin and ESBLs detection rate in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from children were more than those from adults and the old people,so bacterial resistance in children is an important problem in China.Conclusion ESBLs detection rate of Escherichia coli increased slightly after years of continuous decline.The proportion of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was stable,but the resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii to carbapenems was still increased,which should be paid more attention.

To investigate the relationship between male semen parameters and sperm DNA fragment index with age. Adopt cross-sectional sampling survey design, 3 203 male patients who visited the Department of Reproductive Andrology in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2019 to June 2021 were selected as subjects. Age range is 18-57 years, with the median age of 30 years. Through quartile regression analysis, the correlation between age and different male semen parameters and DNA fragment index (DFI) was presented. The study population was divided into ≤30 years old group and >30 years old group, and the correlation between age and semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility, total motility, percentage of normal sperm and DFI level were compared and analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in progressive motility, total motility and DFI level among different age groups (χ²=-4.608, -4.604, -7.719,P all <0.05), but there was no significant difference in semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count and percentage of normal sperm (χ²=-1.712, -1.203, -0.149, -0.175,P all >0.05). In the>30 years old age group, there was a very weak negative correlation between male age and semen volume, progressive motility and total motility (r=-0.137, -0.101 and -0.056, P all <0.05). There was a very weak positive correlation between male age and sperm concentration and sperm DFI level (r=0.061, 0.190, P all <0.05), while there was no correlation between male age and total sperm count and percentage of normal sperm (r=-0.018, -0.016,P all >0.05). In conclusion, with the increase of age, especially after the age of 30, semen volume, progressive motility and total motility decreased, while sperm concentration and DFI level increased, and semen quality decreased.
Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Infertility, Male/genetics* ; Sperm Motility ; DNA Fragmentation ; Spermatozoa ; Sperm Count ; DNA

Public health interventions refer to a series of organized and specific measures implemented in specific situations to achieve goals related to improving health, preventing and controlling diseases, and more. As research on intervention measures has deepened, the classification of public health interventions has gradually developed, clarifying the nature, categories and intervention targets of these measures. This typological study can help standardize the concepts of public health interventions, develop, select, and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention measures, and improve the effectiveness of public health actions. This paper reviews the main international classification models of intervention measures, analyzes and summarizes five classification methods of public health interventions, namely, based on goals, nature, objects, hierarchies, and modes of action, and introduces relevant cases. The paper proposes that China should conduct further in-depth and systematic research on public health interventions, develop evidence-based intervention measures and practices, promote the effective transformation of intervention measures and results, and facilitate the development of public health.
Humans ; Public Health ; China

To investigate the relationship between male semen parameters and sperm DNA fragment index with age. Adopt cross-sectional sampling survey design, 3 203 male patients who visited the Department of Reproductive Andrology in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2019 to June 2021 were selected as subjects. Age range is 18-57 years, with the median age of 30 years. Through quartile regression analysis, the correlation between age and different male semen parameters and DNA fragment index (DFI) was presented. The study population was divided into ≤30 years old group and >30 years old group, and the correlation between age and semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility, total motility, percentage of normal sperm and DFI level were compared and analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in progressive motility, total motility and DFI level among different age groups (χ²=-4.608, -4.604, -7.719,P all <0.05), but there was no significant difference in semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count and percentage of normal sperm (χ²=-1.712, -1.203, -0.149, -0.175,P all >0.05). In the>30 years old age group, there was a very weak negative correlation between male age and semen volume, progressive motility and total motility (r=-0.137, -0.101 and -0.056, P all <0.05). There was a very weak positive correlation between male age and sperm concentration and sperm DFI level (r=0.061, 0.190, P all <0.05), while there was no correlation between male age and total sperm count and percentage of normal sperm (r=-0.018, -0.016,P all >0.05). In conclusion, with the increase of age, especially after the age of 30, semen volume, progressive motility and total motility decreased, while sperm concentration and DFI level increased, and semen quality decreased.
Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Infertility, Male/genetics* ; Sperm Motility ; DNA Fragmentation ; Spermatozoa ; Sperm Count ; DNA