OBJECTIVE: To assess health equity in the Yangtze River region to improve understanding of the correlation between hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and socioeconomic factors. METHODS: From 2014-2016, data on HFMD incidence, population statistics, economic indicators, and meteorology from 26 cities along the Yangtze River were analyzed. A multi-city random-effects meta-analysis was performed to study the relationship between temperature and HFMD transmission, and health equity was assessed with respect to socio-economic impact. RESULTS: Over the study period, 919,458 HFMD cases were reported, with Shanghai (162,303) having the highest incidence and Tongling (5,513) having the lowest. Males were more commonly affected (male-to-female ratio, 1.49:1). The exposure-response relationship had an M-shaped curve, with two HFMD peaks occurring at 4 °C and 26 °C. The relative risk had two peaks at 1.30 °C (1.834, 95% CI: 1.204-2.794) and 31.4 °C (1.143, 95% CI: 0.901-1.451), forming an M shape, with the first peak higher than the second. The most significant impact of temperature on HFMD was observed between -2 °C and 18.1 °C. The concentration index (0.2463) indicated moderate concentration differences, whereas the Theil index (0.0418) showed low inequality in distribution. CONCLUSION The incidence of HFMD varied across cities, particularly with changes in temperature. Economically prosperous areas showed higher risks, indicating disparities. Targeted interventions in these areas are crucial for mitigating the risk of HFMD.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; China/epidemiology* ; Cities/epidemiology* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/transmission* ; Incidence ; Risk Factors ; Temperature

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to reexplore minimum iodine excretion and to build a dietary iodine recommendation for Chinese adults using the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis. METHODS: Data from 171 Chinese adults (19-21 years old) were collected and analyzed based on three balance studies in Shenzhen, Yinchuan, and Changzhi. The single exponential equation was accordingly used to simulate the trajectory of 24 h urinary iodine excretion as the low iodine experimental diets offered (iodine intake: 11-26 μg/day) and to further deduce the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for iodine, including estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI). RESULTS: The minimum iodine excretion was estimated as 57, 58, and 51 μg/day in three balance studies, respectively. Moreover, it was further suggested as 57, 58, and 51 μg/day for iodine EAR, and 80, 81, and 71 μg/day for iodine RNI or expressed as 1.42, 1.41, and 1.20 μg/(day·kg) of body weight. CONCLUSION The iodine DRIs for Chinese adults were established based on the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis, which provides scientific support for the amendment of nutrient requirements.
Humans ; Iodine/administration & dosage* ; Male ; Female ; China ; Young Adult ; Diet ; Adult ; Nutritional Requirements ; East Asian People

Dental treatments for children and adolescents have unique clinical characteristics that differ from dental care for adults in terms of children's physiology, psychology, and behavior. These differences impose specific requirements on the application of local anesthesia in pediatric dental procedures. This article presents expert consensus on the principles of local anesthesia techniques in pediatric dental therapies, including the use of common anesthetic drugs and dosage control, safety and efficacy evaluation, and prevention and management of complications. The aim is to improve the safety and quality of pediatric dental treatments and offer guidance for clinical application by dentists.
Humans ; Child ; Anesthesia, Local/methods* ; Consensus ; Anesthesia, Dental/methods* ; Adolescent ; Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage* ; Dental Care for Children

Objective To investigate the expression of SORT1 in the gastric cancer tissue and analyze its relationship with clinical prognosis of patients as well as the pathways and mechanisms involved in gastric cancer progression.Methods The Gene Expression Profiling Interaction Analysis database,Western blot,and immunohistochemistry were employed to predict and analyze the expression of SORT1 in the gastric cancer and the adjacent tissue.The clinical case information of 109 patients who underwent radical surgery for gastric cancer in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University from April 2015 to April 2017 was collected to analyze the relationship of SORT1 with the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of the patients.Cell proliferation was detected by the CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay,while cell migration and invasion were assessed by the scratch assay and Transwell assay,respectively.Western blot was employed to determine the expression of proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)in gastric cancer cells,followed by further analysis on molecular mechanism through which SORT1 regulates EMT in gastric cancer cells.Results Western blot and immunocytochemistry results showed that SORT1 was highly expressed in the gastric cancer tissue(P=0.003,P<0.001),which was positively correlated with malignant progression of tumors(all P<0.05).The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed shortened postoperative survival periods for the patients with high expression of SORT1(P<0.001).The Cox regression model indicated that SORT1 expression was an independent risk factor affecting the 5-year survival rate after surgery for gastric cancer patients(P<0.001).Up-regulation of SORT1 expression promoted the proliferation,migration,invasion,and EMT of gastric cancer cells(all P<0.05),while down-regulation of SORT1 showed the opposite effects(all P<0.05).Western blot results showed that high expression of SORT1 promoted the expression of β-catenin,cyclin D1,and c-Myc(all P<0.05).Moreover,in vitro use of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor(XAV939)effectively suppressed the EMT enhancement caused by high expression of SORT1 in gastric cancer cells(all P<0.05).Conclusions SORT1 is highly expressed in gastric cancer and affects patients' postoperative survival periods.It is involved in the proliferation,migration,and invasion of gastric cancer cells and may promote the EMT of gastric cancer cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology* ; Cell Proliferation ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Cell Movement ; Prognosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective:To investigate the disease burden, clinical characteristics and independent risk factors affecting in-hospital outcomes of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) combined with heart failure (HF) in China.Methods:(1) Descriptive study: based on the global burden of disease study 2021, available data on children under 15 years of age with CHD and HF in China from 1990 to 2021 were collected. The prevalence and trends in different age subgroups (<1 year, 1-<2 years, 2-<5 years, 5-<10 years, 10-<15 years) were analyzed, and the annual percentage change (EAPC) was estimated using linear regression. (2) Retrospective cohort study: a total of 1 062 children with CHD and HF from a multicenter study on pediatric HF in China were included. The children were divided into two groups:<2 years group and 2-<18 years group. Data on demographics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatments, and in-hospital outcomes were analyzed. Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test were used for group comparisons.Multivariable Logistic regression was applied to identify factors influencing outcomes (in-hospital mortality and adverse cardiovascular events). Results:(1) From 1990 to 2021, the number of children with CHD and HF in China increased from 333 000 (95% uncertainty interval ( UI) 271 000-405 000) to 368 000 (95% UI 296 000-459 000), a growth of 10.8% (95% UI 5.0%-16.6%). Concurrently the prevalence rate increased from 104.5 (95% UI 85.1-127.3) per 100 000 to 142.0 (95% UI 114.0-176.8) per 100 000, a growth of 35.9% (95% UI 28.7%-43.0%), with an EAPC of 1.5% (95% CI 1.2%-1.8%). Although the number of cases in the<1 year and 1-<2 years groups decreased by 41.0% and 25.6%, respectively, the prevalence in all age groups showed an upward trend:<1 year EAPC 0.6% (95% CI 0.5%-0.7%); 1-<2 years EAPC 0.9% (95% CI 0.8%-1.0%); 2-<5 years EAPC 1.2% (95% CI 1.0%-1.4%); 5-<10 years EAPC 1.5% (95% CI 1.2%-1.8%); 10-<15 years EAPC 2.1% (95% CI 1.9%-2.3%). (2) The multicenter study revealed that among 1 062 hospitalized children, 528 (49.7%) were male and 534 (50.3%) were female, with the age at admission of 5.4 (2.2,18.2) months. The majority of the children (77.9%, 827/1 062) were under 2 years of age, whereas 22.1% (235/1 062) were aged between 2-<18 years. Children with complex congenital heart defects accounted for the highest proportion (48.6%, 516/1 062), while those with isolated CHD made up 31.5% (335/1 062). Statistically significant differences were observed in several variables in demographics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatments, and outcomes between the two age groups (all P<0.05). The use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (41.1%, 436/1 062) and beta-blockers (8.7%, 92/1 062) was lower in hospitalized children with CHD and HF. Logistic regression identified complex CHD ( OR=7.73, 95% CI 2.24-26.63; OR=3.17, 95% CI 1.92-5.23), pulmonary hyperperfusion ( OR=2.15, 95% CI 1.01-4.18; OR=2.00, 95% CI 1.35-2.97), left ventricular ejection fraction<55% ( OR=2.13, 95% CI 1.08-4.21; OR=2.80, 95% CI 1.45-5.56), arterial oxygen partial pressure ( OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99; OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99), and serum calcium levels ( OR=0.31, 95% CI 0.17-0.58; OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.28-0.62) as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality and cardiovascular events. Conclusions:The disease burden of CHD combined with HF in China has shown a continuous upward trend from 1990 to 2021, with higher growth rates in older age groups. Complex CHD, pulmonary hyperperfusion, left ventricular ejection fraction <55%, arterial oxygen partial pressure, and serum calcium concentration are independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality and cardiovascular events.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban and investigate the clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) associated with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in children. Methods:A case series study was conducted on 36 children, diagnosed with MPP associated with PTE and hospitalized in our institution from January 2020 to June 2024 of Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University. Clinical data and follow-up information were collected to analyze their clinical characteristics, outcomes, and adverse events to rivaroxaban. Comparison of coagulation indices before and after treatment with rivaroxaban using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test.Results:Among the 36 children, there were 27 males and 9 females, and the age of onset was (7.8±2.8) years. PTE was diagnosed (17±6) days after the onset of MPP. Thirty-four cases (94%) were classified as low-risk PTE, and 13 cases (36%) had thromboembolism of multiple anatomic sites. All patients presented with cough and fever, manifesting as shortness of breath in 33 cases (92%), chest pain in 12 case (33%), hemoptysis in 6 case (17%) and dyspnea in 5 cases (14%). Pulmonary artery involvement was demonstrated by CT pulmonary angiography in all 36 children. The D-dimer level was 5.1 (4.2, 12.2) mg/L. D-dimer levels were 5.1 (4.2, 12.2) mg/L, of which 29 cases (81%) were ≥4.0 mg/L. The total duration of anticoagulation 3.1 (2.5, 4.2) months. All children received rivaroxaban for 2.7 (2.2, 3.8) months. Of the 36 children, 35 cases were followed up after 3 months of anticoagulant therapy, and 30 cases (83%) showed pulmonary artery thrombus absorption. Finally, follow-up outcome data were available for 34 cases, of which 33 showed complete resolution of thrombus in the affected areas, and 1 showed partial resolution. There were no cases of death, thrombus recurrence or progression, major bleeding events occurred or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Adverse events included hemoptysis in 2 cases and elevated liver enzymes in 4 cases. After the treatment of rivaroxaban, the levels of D-dimer were decreased compared with those before the treatment of PTE (0.3 (0.2, 0.5) vs. 5.1 (4.2, 12.2) mg/L, Z=-7.12, P<0.05), and the levels of prothrombin time levels were significantly longer compared with those before the treatment of PTE (3.6 (12.4, 14.9) vs. 13.0 (11.8, 13.6) s, Z=2.34, P<0.05). Conclusions:During the course of MPP, the emergence of clinical symptoms such as short of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis, dyspnea or along with elevated D-dimer levels, should raise suspicion for the occurrence of PTE. Rivaroxaban has shown good efficacy and a favorable safety profile.

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestations, therapeutic strategies and prognostic outcomes in pediatric patients with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (SMPP) complicated by cardiac thrombosis. Methods:This case series study retrospectively analyzed 15 pediatric patients with SMPP complicated by cardiac thrombosis. The patients was recruited from the Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine at Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University between July 2018 and January 2025. Comprehensive clinical data and follow-up information were collected.Results:Among the 15 children, 10 were male and 5 were female, and the age of onset was 8.0 (6.3, 10.0) years. All 15 children presented with fever and cough, while additional symptoms included dyspnea in 7 cases, chest pain in 6 cases, hemoptysis in 3 cases, and chest tightness in 1 case. The white blood cell count was 11.7 (9.5, 15.9)×10 9/L, C-reactive protein was 31.6 (17.5, 64.8) mg/L and lactate dehydrogenase was 548.2 (410.4, 768.3) U/L. A total of 14 children underwent testing for the Mycoplasma pneumoniae drug resistance genes 2063A>G and 2064A>G, of which 13 tested positive. The plasma D-dimer levels of 15 children were 8.77 (7.23, 12.50) mg/L, all of which were higher than normal. Among the 15 children, 5 had decreased activity of anticoagulant proteins (protein C, protein S, antithrombin Ⅲ), and 8 tested positive for antiphospholipid antibodies. Chest CT scans of all 15 children showed pulmonary consolidation and (or) atelectasis, with pleural effusion present in 12 cases. In the 15 children, thrombosis was detected at 14.0 (11.0, 18.0) days after the onset of illness. The locations of cardiac thrombosis included the right ventricle in 9 cases, the right atrium in 5 cases, and the left atrium in 1 case. Additionally, 10 cases had pulmonary vascular embolism, comprising 9 cases of pulmonary artery thrombosis and 1 case of pulmonary vein thrombosis. After anticoagulant treatment, cardiac thrombi disappeared in 10 children. Five children who did not show improvement with anticoagulation underwent surgical thrombectomy. In the follow-up of 15 children, lung imaging basically returned to normal, with no major hemorrhagic events or other adverse events. Conclusions:In children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, the presence of clinical symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain and hemoptysis, along with elevated plasma D-dimer levels, should raise suspicion for the possibility of cardiac thrombosis. SMPP complicated by cardiac thrombosis, prognosis is good following anticoagulation or surgical treatment.

This study summarizes the preoperative and intraoperative nursing experience in 5 cases of bridge-to-transplant heart transplantation with left ventricular assist device(LVAD)explant.Key points of nursing include:preoperative care and assessment of LVAD patients,preoperative discussion of the multidisciplinary team,safe transfer of patients to surgical rooms and other preoperative preparation,cardiomyocardial protection and multidisciplinary team cooperation during bridging transplantation,and intra-operative patient safety management.All 5 patients in this group successfully completed the surgery and were discharged.Pressure sores,wound infections,and other postoperative complications have not occurred.Postoperative cardiac function of 5 patients in this group were classified as New York Heart Association class Ⅰ～Ⅱ.The follow-up period for the 5 patients in this group ranged from 6 months to 6 years.The results of the most recent echocardiography follow-up showed that the left ventricular ejection fraction of all patients was all above 65％,with well prognosis.