This study aimed to investigate the correlation between changes in intestinal toxicity and compositional alterations of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix(commonly known as Langdu) before and after milk processing, and to explore the detoxification mechanism of milk processing. Mice were intragastrically administered the 95% ethanol extract of raw Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix, milk-decocted(milk-processed), and water-decocted(water-processed) Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. Fecal morphology, fecal water content, and the release levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in different intestinal segments were used as indicators to evaluate the effects of different processing methods on the cathartic effect and intestinal inflammatory toxicity of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze the small-molecule components in the raw product, the 95% ethanol extract of the milk-processed product, and the milky waste(precipitate) formed during milk processing, to assess the impact of milk processing on the chemical composition of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. The results showed that compared with the blank group, both the raw and water-processed Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix significantly increased the fecal morphology score, fecal water content, and the release levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in various intestinal segments(P<0.05). Compared with the raw group, all indicators in the milk-processed group significantly decreased(P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in the water-processed group, indicating that milk, as an adjuvant in processing, plays a key role in reducing the intestinal toxicity of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. Mass spectrometry results revealed that 29 components were identified in the raw product, including 28 terpenoids and 1 acetophenone. The content of these components decreased to varying extents after milk processing. A total of 28 components derived from Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix were identified in the milky precipitate, of which 27 were terpenoids, suggesting that milk processing promotes the transfer of toxic components from Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix into milk. To further investigate the effect of milk adjuvant processing on the toxic terpenoid components of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix, transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used to observe the morphology of self-assembled casein micelles(the main protein in milk) in the milky precipitate. The micelles formed in casein-terpenoid solutions were characterized using particle size analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. TEM observations confirmed the presence of casein micelles in the milky precipitate. Characterization results showed that with increasing concentrations of toxic terpenoids, the average particle size of casein micelles increased, fluorescence intensity of the solution decreased, the maximum absorption wavelength in the UV spectrum shifted, and significant changes occurred in the infrared spectrum, indicating that interactions occurred between casein micelles and toxic terpenoid components. These findings indicate that the cathartic effect of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix becomes milder and its intestinal inflammatory toxicity is reduced after milk processing. The detoxification mechanism is that terpenoid components in Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix reassemble with casein in milk to form micelles, promoting the transfer of some terpenoids into the milky precipitate.
Animals ; Mice ; Milk/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Male ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology* ; Intestines/drug effects* ; Interleukin-1beta/immunology* ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Female

Cervical spinal cord injury without fracture-dislocation (CSCIWFD) is referred to as a special type of cervical spinal cord injury characterized by traumatic spinal cord dysfunction and no significant bony structural abnormalities on imagines. Duo to the high risk of missed diagnosis during the initial consultation, CSCIWFD may lead to progressive neurological deterioration or even complete paralysis, severely impacting patients′ prognosis. Currently, there are no established consensuses over the diagnosis and treatment of CSCIWFD, such as the lack of evidence-based standards for indications of non-surgical treatment and risk of secondary neurological injury, as well as debates over the optimal timing for surgical intervention and indications for different surgical approaches. To address these issues, the Spine Trauma Group of the Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts in the relevant fields to formulate Diagnosis and treatment guideline for acute cervical spinal cord injury without fracture- dislocation in adults ( version 2025) . Based on evidence-based medicine and the principles of scientific rigor and clinical applicability, the guidelines proposed 11 recommendations covering terminology, diagnosis, evaluation treatment, and rehabilitation, etc., aiming to standardize the management of CSCIWFD.

Thoracolumbar spine fracture often leads to severe pain, functional impairments, and neurological deficits, for which open reduction and internal fixation can effectively restore the spinal structural stability. Open decompression and reduction with internal fixation can help relieve spinal cord compression and improve spinal function in cases of concomitant cord injury. Although spinal stability can be restored through surgery, patients often face chronic pain and functional impairments postoperatively. A postoperative rehabilitation program is critical in optimizing therapeutic outcomes, reducing complications, and minimizing the risk of secondary injuries. However, current rehabilitation methods, such as physical therapy, functional training, and pain management, are confronted with problems in clinical practice, including significant variation in efficacy, poor patient adherence, and prolonged rehabilitation period. There is an urgent need for a unified rehabilitation strategy to address these problems. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of the Orthopedic Physicians Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the Spine Health Professional Committee of the Chinese Human Health Technology Promotion Association organized experts from relevant fields to formulate Evidence-based guidelines for rehabilitation treatment after internal fixation of thoracolumbar spine fracture in adults ( version 2025) by integrating evidences from clinical researches and advanced rehabilitation concepts at home and abroad. A total number of 14 recommendations concerning the rehabilitation treatment with multimodal analgesia, psychological intervention, deep vein thrombosis prevention, core muscle and extremity exercise, appropriate use of braces, early weight-bearing, device-aided rehabilitation exercise, neuroregulatory therapy, rehabilitation team were put forward, aiming to standardize the post-operative rehabilitation process following internal fixation, promote the functional recovery, and enhance patients′ quality of life.

Objective:To explore the value of 18F-FDG PET brain imaging in the auxiliary diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) before treatment, and to analyze the regional and course-related characteristics of brain metabolic changes. Methods:The 18F-FDG PET brain imaging data of 49 AE patients (26 males, 23 females, age 48.0(29.0, 61.0) years) who did not receive first-line immunotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were collected from Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, between July 2015 and December 2023. Forty-nine age- and gender-matched healthy subjects who underwent routine physical examination at the same time period were selected as the healthy controls (HC). The statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 8 two-sample t test ( P<0.001, k=50) was used to compare the imaging results of AE patients with those of HC. The screening results were adjusted by the cluster-level family-wise error rate (FWER) for P<0.05. Metabolic abnormalities associated with AE were identified, and differences in metabolic patterns at different stages of the disease course (short: ≤1 month; medium: >1 month and ≤3 month; long: >3 month) were compared by subgroup analysis. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the data. Results:In the included AE patients, regions with elevated metabolism were mainly located in the limbic lobe, insula, putamen, and amygdala ( t values: 3.18-5.07, Z values: 3.17-4.76), while local metabolic reduction was observed in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes ( t values: 3.18-5.43, Z values: 3.23-5.06), with most of these regions passing FWER correction. In patients with anti- N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, local metabolism increased in the right superior temporal gyrus ( t values: 3.55-4.79, Z values: 3.67-3.86) and decreased in the left middle temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus ( t values: 3.55-5.43, Z values: 3.45-4.21), but the results did not pass the FWER correction. Subgroup analysis showed that in patients with short disease course ( n=17), regions with locally elevated metabolism included the brainstem, limbic lobe, and cerebellum ( t values: 3.37-5.27, Z values: 3.52-4.44), while regions with reduced metabolism were mainly located in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes ( t values: 3.37-6.77, Z values: 3.34-5.30), and these abnormal results all passed FWER correction. In patients with medium ( n=7) to long ( n=25) disease course, the regions with metabolic abnormalities were significantly reduced and did not pass FWER correction. Conclusions:18F-FDG PET can accurately identify brain metabolic abnormalities in AE patients, demonstrating significant regional and course-related characteristics. Metabolic abnormalities are more pronounced in patients with short disease course, while they are relatively less obvious in patients with medium to long disease course.

AIM To investigate the effects of Changpu Yujin Decoction(CPYJD)on striatal mitophagy and PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in a rat model of Tourette syndrome(TS).METHODS Thirty-six SPF male SD rats were randomly assigned to the control group(n=9)and the TS modeling group(n=27).Rats in the modeling group received daily intraperitoneal injections of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile(IDPN)(300 mg/kg)for 7 consecutive days to establish the TS model.Post-modeling,successfully induced TS rats were re-randomized into model group(no treatment),tiapride group(47.91 mg/kg)and CPYJD group(77.28 g/kg).All groups received their respective interventions via intragastric administration daily for 28 days.Following drug administration,behavioral scores were assessed in each group.Pathological alterations in the striatum were examined using HE staining,while ultrastructural changes were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Neuronal apoptosis was quantified via TUNEL staining,and ROS levels in striatum were measured by ELISA.Co-localization of PINK1 and LC3B was assessed using immunofluorescence(IF).Finally,mRNA and protein expressions of PINK1,Parkin,Beclin-1,P62 and LC3B(LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio)were analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blot.RESULTS Compared to the control group,the model group demonstrated significantly increased behavioral scores(P＜0.01),elevated neuronal apoptosis rate and higher ROS levels in the striatum(P＜0.01);severe neuronal and mitochondrial damage in the striatum;significantly reduced mRNA and protein expressions of PINK1,Parkin,Beclin-1 and LC3B(LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio)in the striatum(P＜0.01);markedly upregulated P62 mRNA and protein expressions(P＜0.01).Compared to the model group,both the tiapride and CPYJD intervention groups exhibited significantly reduced behavioral scores(P＜0.01);decreased neuronal apoptosis rate and lower ROS levels(P＜0.01);improved pathological alterations in the striatal neurons and mitochondria;increased mRNA and protein expressions of PINK1,Parkin and Beclin-1 in the striatum(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and decreased P62 mRNA and protein expressions(P＜0.01).Furthermore,the rats in the CPYJD group specifically showed elevated LC3B mRNA level and LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ protein ratio in striatum(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION The effect of CPYJD intervention in TS rats may involve activation of mitophagy through regulation of the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway,improving mitochondrial function,reducing ROS levels,and thereby protecting neurons.

Objective:To observe the changes of central visual acuity and extracentral visual acuity in eyes with non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion (NA-CRAO).Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2024, 140 patients (140 eyes) diagnosed with NA-CRAO through ophthalmic examination at Department of Ophthalmology of First People's Hospital of Xianyang City were included in the study. All affected eyes underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), visual field, intraocular pressure, fundus color photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography (FFA) examinations. After a clear diagnosis, conservative treatment such as reducing intraocular pressure, relieving spasms, and dilating blood vessels should be given immediately. Simultaneously, intravenous and/or arterial thrombolysis therapy should be administered based on the patient's overall condition. Under the same treatment conditions as other treatments, 33 eyes were treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy within 24 hours after seeking medical attention. The changes in central visual acuity (BCVA) and peripheral visual acuity of the affected eye one month after treatment were observed. BCVA improvement of ≥ 1 line was defined as the increase of no light sensitivity to light sensitivity or above, and the increase of light sensitivity to 0.01 or above. The visual acuity outside the center was determined by the 0 ° axis in front of the eyeball at eye level, and was 10 ° outside visual acuity on the temporal side. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression analysis.Results:Among the 140 cases (140 eyes), there were 84 males (84 eyes) and 56 females (56 eyes). The mean age was (63.89±10.78) years. The duration of illness from the onset of symptoms to the time of diagnosis was 48 (2-720) hours. 6, 1, 14, 47, 41, 16, and 15 eyes were diagnosed with BCVA without light perception, uncertain light perception, manual/anterior, digital/anterior, 0.01-0.10, and ≥ 0.10, respectively. FFA examination revealed delayed arm retinal circulation time and filling of the retinal artery trunk to the peak, with changes in the "arterial front" observed in 126 eyes. OCT examination showed extensive edema and unclear structure in the inner layer of the retina in all patients. Out of 140 eyes, 122 were treated with intravenous thrombolysis and 4 with arterial thrombolysis; 14 eyes did not receive thrombolytic therapy. After treatment, 38 eyes (27.1 %) showed an improvement of BCVA ≥ 1; 67 eyes (47.9%) did not show an improvement in BCVA, and the affected eye had a BCVA of approximately 0.6 without light perception; 17 eyes (12.1 %) showed improvement in peripheral vision, and the peripheral vision of the affected eyes ranged from 0.01 to 0.1, all of whom were patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis, and prior to treatment, this group of patients had complete blindness in the coarse side visual field of the Amsler grid, and their out of center visual acuity could not be measured. Among the 33 eyes treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 24 eyes (72.7%) showed an increase in BCVA after treatment; 9 eyes did not improve, among which 4 eyes (12.1%) showed improvement in out of center visual acuity. Among the 107 eyes that did not receive hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 49 eyes (45.8%) showed an increase in BCVA after treatment. There was no improvement in 58 eyes (54.2%), among which 13 eyes (12.1%) showed an improvement in out of center visual acuity. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that intravenous thrombolysis and hyperbaric oxygen therapy were independent predictive factors for the improvement of central and extra central visual acuity ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy within 24 hours of seeking medical attention for patients with NA-CRAO disease course ≤ 1 month has a significant effect on the recovery of central and extra central vision. Intravenous thrombolysis and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are independent predictive factors for the improvement of central and extra central vision.

Aim To investigate the therapeutic effects of a newly developed Tadalafil tablets on pathological myocardial hypertrophy induced by abdominal aortic constriction(AAC)in rats,as well as its influence on the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in myo-cardial cells.Methods SD rats were randomly divid-ed into 4 groups:the sham operation group(Sham),the model group(AAC),the tadalafil new tablet treat-ment group(N-Tad,5 mg·kg-1),and the positive control drug treatment group(Cialis,10 mg·kg-1g).The AAC model group and treatment group rats under-went blunt dissection and constrictive ligation of the abdominal aorta at the left renal artery branch point during surgery,while the Sham group rats only had their arteries separated without any constrictive liga-tion.Rats in the treatment groups received either N-Tad or Cialis via gavage three days after modeling,while rats in the sham group and the model group re-ceived physiological saline daily for 8 weeks.Small an-imal ultra-high-resolution echocardiography and hemo-dynamic assessment were applied to evaluate left ven-tricular function in each group of rats,and the calcula-tion of the left ventricular mass index was conducted.By employing Western blot and RT-PCR.we assessed the impact of this treatment on the expression of the hy-pertrophy factor atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP),phosphorylated NF-κB p65 protein(p-NF-κB p65),and phosphorylated IκB-α in the left heart tissue of rats and in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.Results Compared to the Sham group,the AAC rats exhibited a significant decrease in left heart function,an increase in left ven-tricular mass index,and a notable increase in ANP and p-p65 expression in the left heart tissue(P＜0.05).Both N-Tad and Cialis treatments could significantly enhance left ventricular function,decrease left ventric-ular mass index,and inhibit the expression of ANP and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 in rats with myocardial hy-pertrophy(P＜0.05).Notably,the therapeutic effect of low-dose N-Tad was comparable to that of high-dose Cialis.At the cellular level,Tadalafil significantly in-hibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and reduced the expression of associated proteins in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.Conclusions N-Tad can sig-nificantly inhibit p65 and IκB-α phosphorylation,and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway,reduce ANP expression,and improve pathological myocardial hypertrophy,as well as mitigate left heart function damage caused by abdominal aortic constriction.

Objective To establish a rapid,sensitive,and specific multiplex PCR detection method for the simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium,Eimeria,and bovine parvovirus.Methods Specific primers targeting the SSU rRNA genes of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria,as well as the VP2 gene of bovine parvovirus were designed and the corresponding recombinant plasmid standards were constructed.To establish the multiplex PCR method,the reaction conditions were optimized using temperature gradient PCR and single-variable control methods.The sensitivity,specificity,reproducibility,and clinical application of the protocol were evaluated.Results The optimal annealing temperature was found to be 60.5℃,and the forward and reverse primer concentrations were determined to be 0.2 μmol/L for Eimeria,and 0.4 μmol/L for Cryptosporidium and bovine parvovirus.The assay demonstrated high sensitivity,with detection limits of 243,260,and 3 110 copies for the recombinant plasmid standards of Cryptosporidium,Eimeria,and bovine parvovirus,respectively.Specificity testing showed no cross-reactivity with ten common bovine pathogens,including Salmonella,bovine viral diarrhea virus,and bovine rotavirus.Consistent intra-and inter-batch results confirmed the strong reproducibility of the method.Clinical application to 81 diarrhea samples from various regions in the Ganzi Prefecture,Sichuan,revealed positivity rates of 18.52%(15/81)for Cryptosporidium,34.57%(28/81)for Eimeria,and 18.52%(15/81)forbovineparvovirus,withamixedinfectionrateof3.7%(3/81).Conclusions Themultiplex PCR method established in this study offers a reliable tool for differential diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of the three common diarrheal pathogens in yaks.

Objective To explore the reliability of the reagent burstbead for field blood transfusion compatibility testing by applying it to bloodtype detection,antibody screening and cross matching tests and conduting parallel contrast with the existing arrays.Methods A field treatment shelter was used as the testing site to simulate the scene of emergency blood transfusion for the wounded under the conditions of field blood station,and 1 358 pieces of blood samples sent to some hospital for examination before transfusion were considered as the objects.Parallel contrast tests were carried out between the reagent burstbead method and the tube method for bloodtype detection and between the reagent burstbead method and the manual polybrene method for antibody screening and cross matching.The reagent burstbead method was compared with other methods in terms of the coin-cidence rate of the bloodtype detection results,the detection rate of positive samples for antibody screening and crossmatch incompatibility.Results The reagent burstbead method and the tube method had high consistency when used for bloodtype detection,with the coincidence rate being 100％.During antibody screening and cross matching tests,the reagent burstbead method found 5 cases of antibody-positive samples leading to major crossmatch incompatibility(positive rate being 0.37％),the manual polybrene method detected 2 cases of irregular antibody-positive samples(positive rate being 0.15％),and the two methods both identified 3 cases of minor crossmatch incompatibility.Conclusion The reagent burstbead has high accuracy and reliability when applied to bloodtype detection,antibody screening and cross matching tests,and thus can be used for blood transfusion compatibility testing in field conditions.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(2):39-42]

Objective:To screen out the disinfection procedure and disinfectant suitable for the actual production of specific pathogen free(SPF)chicken embryo eggs,so as to ensure the disinfection effect of specific pathogen free(SPF)chicken embryo eggs in vaccine production.Methods:This study compares the microbial counting methods of soaking,swabbing with cotton swabs and pouring after thin-film filtration for SPF chicken embryo eggs in a GMP production workshop,and selects the most suitable method for SPF chicken embryo egg microbial counting.Experi-mental groups A,B,and C use self-prepared concentrations of 1∶50 sporicidal agent dilution solution,1∶128 alka-line phenol salt dilution solution,and ready-to-use compound quaternary ammonium disinfectant(sterile),respec-tively,and follow the actual disinfection procedures in the workshop to disinfect and sample the surfaces of SPF chicken embryo eggs entering different cleanliness grades,while using sterile water instead of disinfectant as the control group.The average bactericidal rate is calculated by recording the number of colonies and monitoring the viability of chicken embryo cells using microbial culture,and the disinfection effect of the three disinfectants on SPF chicken embryo eggs is evaluated.Results:The comparison of the results from the three methods shows that the method of sampling SPF chicken embryo eggs by immersion and then counting the microbial colonies through membrane filtration is superior to the other two methods.The final cleaning rate of the control group,which used sterilized injection water to clean the SPF chicken embryo eggs,was 91.67％to 96.97％,while the final steriliza-tion rate of the experimental group,which used the above three disinfectants to disinfect the SPF chicken embryo eggs,was 100.00％.By comparing the cell counts of the experimental group and the control group,it was found that the live cell density of the control group was(6.03-6.25)× 105 cells·mL-1,and that of the experimental groups A-C was(6.08-6.17)× 105 cells·mL-1,(5.99-6.25)× 105 cells·mL-1,and(5.87-6.21)× 105 cells·mL-1 respectively;the cell viability of the control group was 90.33％to 91.35％,and that of the experi-mental groups A-C was 88.25％to 92.12％,89.45％to 93.59％,and 88.02％to 92.89％respectively.Through statistical analysis,it was found that the P values of all experimental groups compared with the control group were greater than 0.05,indicating no statistically significant difference.Conclusion:By comparing the dis-infection effects,cell density and cell viability of the three disinfectants and comprehensively considering factors such as cost and risk of the three disinfectants,1∶50 sporicide dilution,1∶128 alkaline phenolate dilution and ready-to-use compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant(sterile)can all be used for the daily surface disin-fection of SPF chicken embryo eggs in the production workshop.The selection of an appropriate disinfectant should be based on specific application scenarios and requirements.