To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Blood transfusion is one of the most commonly used supportive treatments for children with hematological diseases. This guideline provides guidance and recommendations for blood transfusions in children with aplastic anemia, thalassemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. This article presents the evidence and interpretation of the blood transfusion provisions for children with hematological diseases in the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion", aiming to assist in the understanding and implementing the blood transfusion section of this guideline.
Humans ; Child ; Hematologic Diseases/therapy* ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Blood transfusion for children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is highly complex and challenging. This guideline provides recommendations on transfusion thresholds and the selection of blood components for these children. This article presents the evidence and interpretation of the transfusion provisions for children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with the aim of enhancing the understanding and implementation of the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion".
Humans ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Child ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Critically ill children often present with anemia and have a higher demand for transfusions compared to other pediatric patients. This guideline provides guidance and recommendations for blood transfusions in cases of general critical illness, septic shock, acute brain injury, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, non-life-threatening bleeding, and hemorrhagic shock. This article interprets the background and evidence of the blood transfusion provisions for critically ill and severely bleeding children in the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion", aiming to enhance understanding and implementation of this aspect of the guidelines. Citation:Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2025, 27(4): 395-403.
Humans ; Critical Illness ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Child ; Hemorrhage/therapy* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices in pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Children undergoing cardiac surgery are at high risk of bleeding, and the causes of perioperative anemia and coagulation disorders in neonates and children are complex and varied, often necessitating the transfusion of allogeneic blood components. This guideline provides direction and recommendations for specific measures in blood management for children undergoing cardiac surgery before, during, and after surgery. This article interprets the background and evidence for the formulation of the blood transfusion provisions for children undergoing cardiac surgery, hoping to facilitate the understanding and implementation of this guideline.
Humans ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Child ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Head and neck malignant tumor is one of the most heterogeneous diseases.The multi-disciplinary team(MDT)is an essen-tial component for personal precise diagnosis,treatment and integrated care management of oncologic diseases including head and neck malignant tumor.MDT clinical practice is also an important teaching mode for head and neck malignant tumors,but it is limited by time and space in actual teaching.An internet visualization platform was constructed based on the Internet,hospital HIS/PACS/LIS/EMR system,medical visualization screen,oral endoscope,remote consultation platform and other accessible audio and video terminals,and has been applied in MDT clinical teaching of head and neck malignant tumors,allowing medical students to participate in MDT through a networked visualization platform.Medical students will achieve deep learning for the most heterogeneous malignant tumor.MDT sup-ported by the internet visualization platform provides a new pathway for clinical medical education.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of neonatal chylothorax.Methods:The clinical data of newborns diagnosed with chylothorax from June 2016 to June 2023 in Neonatal Center of Beijing Children's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, and divided into congenital group and acquired group according to the pathogenesis of chylothorax. The clinical characteristics, treatment methods and prognosis of the two groups were compared.Results:A total of 23 cases were included, including 17 cases (73.9%) in the congenital group and 6 cases (26.1%) in the acquired group. There was no significant difference in gender, gestational age and birth weight between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with the acquired group, the proportion of lymphocytes (97.0% vs. 85.0%), the use of erythromycin (7/17 vs. 1/6) and octreotide (9/17 vs. 1/6) and special formula milk feeding (13/17 vs. 2/6) were higher in the congenital group; the proportion of right hydrothorax (1/17 vs. 3/6), invasive mechanical ventilation (6/17 vs. 6/6) and breastfeeding (0/17 vs. 3/6) were lower in the congenital group ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in terms of the white blood cell count in pleural fluid and plasma protein content, incidence of bilateral and left pleural fluid, proportion of closed thoracic drainage, maximum daily drainage volume, drainage duration, total drainage volume, albumin utilization rate, length of stay and survival rate between the two groups ( P>0.05). 18 cases of pleural effusion absorption without recurrence after conservative treatment; 5 cases died, of which 4 cases died after their parents abandoned treatment, and 1 case died of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis after thoracic duct ligation surgery. Conclusions:Congenital chylothorax and acquired chylothorax were similar in severity, course of disease and overall prognosis. The utilization rate of erythromycin and octreotide in congenital chylothorax was higher than that in acquired chylothorax. The neonatal chylothorax is usually with an overall good prognosis.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of bevacizumab combined with raltitrexed in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and its effect on adverse reactions and survival rate.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 71 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma admitted to the oncology department of our hospital from February 2020 to June 2022.Among them,35 cases were treated with raltitrexed as control group,and 36 cases were treated with bevacizumab combined with raltitrexed as observation group.All patients received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE).After 1 month of treatment,the short-term treatment effect of the two groups was evaluated.The adverse reactions of the two groups were observed.Follow-up review was performed to record progression free survival(PFS)and overall survival(OS)in both groups.Results After 1 month of treatment,the disease control rate(DCR)and objective response rate(ORR)of control group were 74.29%and 45.71%respectively.The DCR and ORR of observation group were 83.33%and 55.56%respectively.There was no significant difference in short-term efficacy between the two groups(P>0.05).Following treatment,the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)level in the observation group was considerably lower than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,18 months of follow-up,OS curve showed:observation group OS was 50.00%,control group OS was 31.40%;PFS curve showed:observation group PFS was 43.33%,control group PFS was 26.92%.Using the Log-rank test,between the two groups,there was a statistically significant difference in OS(χ2=4.381,P=0.036),although there was no statistically significant difference in PFS between the two groups(χ2=3.264,P=0.071).There was no significant difference in adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Bevacizumab combined with raltitrexed can reduce tumor neovascularization,inhibit tumor growth and spread,prolong the survival time of patients,and do not increase adverse drug reactions.

Objective To investigate the pathomorphological features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma of the lacrimal gland and the expression and significance of BCL10 and MALT1 in tumor tissues.Methods Diseased lacrimal gland tissue specimens from 19 patients with lacrimal gland MALT lymphoma(19 eyes,including nine right eyes and ten left eyes)were selected as the experimental group,and normal lacrimal gland tissue specimens from eight patients with orbital content removal(eight eyes,including three right eyes and five left eyes)were selected as the control group.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was performed to observe the mor-phological characteristics of the lacrimal gland tissues,and immunohistochemical(IHC)staining was performed to observe the expression of BCL10 and MALT1 in the lacrimal gland tissues.Results In the experimental group,marginal B cells,monocyte-like tumor cells,small lymphocyte-like tumor cells,and plasma cell-like tumor cells appeared in the marginal zone.Large cells were occasionally distri-buted among these cells.The tumor cells invaded the lymphoid follicles and epithelium,destroyed normal tissue structure,and formed follicular colonization and lymphoepithelial lesions.The positive expression area of BCL10 and MALT1 in the experimental group was sig-nificantly larger than that in the control group(Z=-2.177,P=0.029;t=3.237,P=0.003).Conclusion Lacrimal gland MALT lymphoma shows pathological changes in diffusely distributed marginal B cells and tumor cells with diverse morphology,acquired lymphoid follicles,and scattered distribution of large cells.This may be related to apoptosis blockage caused by the upregulation of BCL10 and MALT1 expression.

Purpose: The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) without chemoprophylaxis could be as high as 50% in Caucasians. However, according to several subsequent studies, the incidence of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in Asians was much lower. The routine use of chemoprophylaxis, which could potentially cause increased bleeding, infection, and wound complications, has been questioned in low-incidence populations. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of VTE after primary THA without chemoprophylaxis in an Asian population using a fast-track rehabilitation protocol and to verify the safety profile for use of ‘mechanical prophylaxis alone’ in patients with standard risk of VTE. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 542 Hong Kong Chinese patients who underwent primary THA without chemoprophylaxis. All patients received intermittent pneumatic compression and graduated compression stockings as mechanical prophylaxis. Multimodal pain management was applied in order to facilitate early mobilisation. Routine duplex ultrasonography was performed between the fourth and seventh postoperative day for detection of proximal DVT. Results: All patients were Chinese (mean age, 63.0±11.9 years). Six patients developed proximal DVT (incidence rate, 1.1%). None of the patients had symptomatic or fatal pulmonary embolism. Conclusion The incidence of VTE after primary THA without chemical prophylaxis can be low in Asian populations when following a fast-track rehabilitation protocol. Mechanical prophylaxis alone can be regarded as a reasonably safe practice in terms of a balanced benefit-to-risk ratio for Asian patients with standard risk of VTE.

In order to guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has released the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Considering the physiological particularities of the neonatal period, blood transfusion practices for neonates are more complex than those for other children, the guidelines include a separate chapter dedicated to neonatal blood transfusion. This paper interprets the background and evidence for the compilation of the neonatal blood transfusion provisions, hoping to aid in the understanding and implementation of the neonatal blood transfusion section of the guidelines.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic