Objective To investigate the effect of orthosis design parameters on correction of scoliosis and orthosis-trunk interface pressure.Methods A finite element model of scoliosis was constructed to simulate the assembly effect of the orthosis.The orthosis was divided into four loading areas(left rib,right rib,anterior-left and posterior-right area)to simulate six modification conditions.In Models 1,2 and 3,a fixed modification of 20 mm was applied on the anterior left and posterior right areas,while the displacement loads of 20,25 and 30 mm were applied on both the left rib and right rib areas.In Models 4,5 and 6,a fixed modification of 25 mm was applied on left rib and right rib areas,with the displacement loads of 15,20 and 25 mm applied on both anterior left and posterior right areas.The Cobb angle,apical vertebral rotation(AVR)and interface pressure were calculated.Results The correction of Cobb angle in Models 1,2 and 3 was 8.94°,15.62° and 17.91°,respectively,with AVR correction of 7.53°,6.69° and 5.87°,respectively.In Models 4,5 and 6,the correction of Cobb angle was 14.55°,15.62° and 16.09°,with AVR correction of 5.25°,6.69° and 8.63°,respectively.In Model 6,the correction rate of Cobb angle and AVR was 45.48%and 41.22%,respectively,with a maximum pressure of 26.51 kPa on orthosis-trunk interface,achieving the most significant outcome.Conclusions The modification of orthosis has a significant effect on the correction of Cobb and AVR angles.The loading on the left rib and right rib areas mainly affect the Cobb angle,while the loading on the anterior left and posterior right areas mainly affect the spinal axial-rotation.A modification of 25 mm on all loading areas achieves the optimal spinal correction.This study provides the quantitative data for orthosis design.

Fracture of humeral capitellum (FHC) in children is often detected on the coronal plane of the distal humerus.It is an intra-articular fracture, often a Salter-Harris type Ⅲ epiphyseal fracture, which is extremely rare in clinical practice and accounts for only about 1% of elbow fractures in children.This type of fracture tends to extend medially involving the trochlea, so it is also known as capitellar trochlea fracture.The rarity of this fracture makes it difficult to differentiate it from other elbow fractures on X-ray, which finally leads to miss-diagnosis or misdiagnosis as epicondylar humerus fracture or intercondylar fracture, etc.Since FHC is an intra-articular and epiphyseal fracture, inappropriate treatment will results in irreversible consequences, so the diagnosis and treatment of FHC in children are challenging.Currently, there are few studies on FHC in children, and most of related studies are case reports.Therefore, the classification and treatment of FHC in children are performed based on only the experience of FHC treatment in adults.Incisional reduction and internal fixation is the preferred treatment for most FHC children, but the efficacy of this treatment lacks the support of controlled studies with a large sample size.The mechanism of injury, staging, diagnosis, treatment, postoperative rehabilitation, and complications of pediatric FHC were reviewed in this paper to improve clinicians' understanding of pediatric FHC.

Objective To investigate the effect of orthosis design parameters on correction of scoliosis and orthosis-trunk interface pressure.Methods A finite element model of scoliosis was constructed to simulate the assembly effect of the orthosis.The orthosis was divided into four loading areas(left rib,right rib,anterior-left and posterior-right area)to simulate six modification conditions.In Models 1,2 and 3,a fixed modification of 20 mm was applied on the anterior left and posterior right areas,while the displacement loads of 20,25 and 30 mm were applied on both the left rib and right rib areas.In Models 4,5 and 6,a fixed modification of 25 mm was applied on left rib and right rib areas,with the displacement loads of 15,20 and 25 mm applied on both anterior left and posterior right areas.The Cobb angle,apical vertebral rotation(AVR)and interface pressure were calculated.Results The correction of Cobb angle in Models 1,2 and 3 was 8.94°,15.62° and 17.91°,respectively,with AVR correction of 7.53°,6.69° and 5.87°,respectively.In Models 4,5 and 6,the correction of Cobb angle was 14.55°,15.62° and 16.09°,with AVR correction of 5.25°,6.69° and 8.63°,respectively.In Model 6,the correction rate of Cobb angle and AVR was 45.48%and 41.22%,respectively,with a maximum pressure of 26.51 kPa on orthosis-trunk interface,achieving the most significant outcome.Conclusions The modification of orthosis has a significant effect on the correction of Cobb and AVR angles.The loading on the left rib and right rib areas mainly affect the Cobb angle,while the loading on the anterior left and posterior right areas mainly affect the spinal axial-rotation.A modification of 25 mm on all loading areas achieves the optimal spinal correction.This study provides the quantitative data for orthosis design.

Fracture of humeral capitellum (FHC) in children is often detected on the coronal plane of the distal humerus.It is an intra-articular fracture, often a Salter-Harris type Ⅲ epiphyseal fracture, which is extremely rare in clinical practice and accounts for only about 1% of elbow fractures in children.This type of fracture tends to extend medially involving the trochlea, so it is also known as capitellar trochlea fracture.The rarity of this fracture makes it difficult to differentiate it from other elbow fractures on X-ray, which finally leads to miss-diagnosis or misdiagnosis as epicondylar humerus fracture or intercondylar fracture, etc.Since FHC is an intra-articular and epiphyseal fracture, inappropriate treatment will results in irreversible consequences, so the diagnosis and treatment of FHC in children are challenging.Currently, there are few studies on FHC in children, and most of related studies are case reports.Therefore, the classification and treatment of FHC in children are performed based on only the experience of FHC treatment in adults.Incisional reduction and internal fixation is the preferred treatment for most FHC children, but the efficacy of this treatment lacks the support of controlled studies with a large sample size.The mechanism of injury, staging, diagnosis, treatment, postoperative rehabilitation, and complications of pediatric FHC were reviewed in this paper to improve clinicians' understanding of pediatric FHC.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.009.].

OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of naringin on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in T cell - osteoblast co -culture system under simulated microgravity . METHODS This experiment was setting normal gravity control group ， normal gravity naringin group ，simulated microgravity control group and simulated microgravity naringin group .In the control group，T cells were co -cultured with osteoblasts under normal gravity or simulated microgravity conditions . In the naringin group ， 1×10－5 mol/L naringin solution was added additionally on the basis of control group .The morphology of osteoblasts was observed under the microscope . The proliferation rate of osteoblasts was detected by CCK -8 method. The alkaline phosphatase （ALP）activity was detected by ALP kit . mRNA relative expressions of Runt related transcription factor 2（Runx2）and interleukin -6（IL-6）were detected by real -time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction . The relative expression of Runx 2 and IL -6 protein were detected by Western blot . RESULTS Compared with normal gravity control group ，the density of osteoblasts in the simulated microgravity control group decreased ，only a small number of cells were aggregated ，and the cell morphology was mostly round ； compared with the simulated microgravity control group ，the osteoblasts in the simulated microgravity naringin group formed spindle or polygonal ，plump in shape ，and clustered in groups of fish . Compared with normal gravity control group ，the proliferation rate of osteoblasts ，ALP activity ，relative expressions of Runx 2 mRNA and protein in the normal gravity naringin group were significantly increased ，while the relative expressions of IL -6 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased （P＜ 0.05）；the proliferation rate of osteoblasts ，ALP activity ，relative expressions of Runx 2 mRNA and protein in the simulated microgravity control group were significantly decreased ，while relative expressions of IL -6 mRNA and protein were significantly increased（P＜0.05）. Compared with the simulated microgravity control group ，the proliferation rate of osteoblasts ，ALP activity ， relative expressions of Runx 2 mRNA and protein in the simulated microgravity naringin group were significantly increased ，while relative expressions of IL -6 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS In the T cell -osteoblast co-culture system ，simulated microgravity can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts ；naringin can improve the proliferation and differentiation ability of osteoblasts under this condition， and its mechanism of action is related to the decrease of IL -6 level and the increase of Runx 2 level.

The poor prognosis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) results from a lack of approved targeted therapies coupled with aggressive proliferation and metastasis, which is associated with high recurrence and short overall survival. Here we developed a strategy by employing tumor-targeted self-assembled nanoparticles to coordinately regulate BACH1 (BTB domain and CNC homology 1) and mitochondrial metabolism. The BACH1 inhibitor hemin and mitochondria function inhibitor berberine derivative (BD) were used to prepare nanoparticles (BH NPs) followed by the modification of chondroitin sulfate (CS) on the surface of BH NPs to achieve tumor targeting (CS/BH NPs). CS/BH NPs were found to be able to inhibit tumor migration and invasion by significantly decreasing the amounts of tumor cell metabolites, glycolysis and metastasis-associated proteins, which were related to the inhibition of BACH1 function. Meanwhile, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, activated caspase 3/9 and increased ROS production demonstrated coordinated regulation of BACH1 and mitochondrial metabolism. In a xenograft mice model of breast cancer, CS/BH NPs significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis due to the synergetic effect of hemin and BD without showing obvious toxicities for major organs. In sum, the results of efficacy and safety experiments suggest potential clinical significance of the prepared self-assembled CS/BH nanoparticles for the treatment of TNBC.

Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) or glaucomatocyclitic crisis is a rare,unilateral recurrent inflammatory ocular hypertensive disease.Although it is typically self-limited and has benign prognosis,some cases were reported with advanced optic nerve cupping and associated visual field loss.Current therapeutic strategies are mainly focused on controlling intraocular pressure and reducing inflammation.These treatments may relieve acute episode of PSS,but could not decrease the recurrences.Therefore,the etiology of PSS is extremely important.This review summarized and analyzed the advances in the etiology and pathogenesis of PSS in recent twenty years,including microbial infection,allergy,abnormal vascular reactivity,autoimmune and endocrine.Infectious theories are most studied at present.The probabilities of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus as the etiology of PSS were considered to be very small.Heliobacter pylori was thought to be related to the pathogenesis of PSS and glaucomatous optic nerve injury.The most likely cause of PSS is cytomegalovirus infection,but there existed evidences that opposed the theory.Due to the small sample size and limit of technology,the evidences of allergy,abnormal vascular reactivity,autoimmune and endocrinic factors as the pathogenesis of PSS were not definite.In conclusion,no single factor could explain the etiology and pathogenesis of PSS,multiple factors such as external factor,internal factor and autogenous factor might be involved.