BACKGROUND:Mesenchymal stem cells show extremely therapeutic potential for radiation-induced lung injury through delivering exosomes.Age is a primary factor affecting the function and biological efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the protective effects of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of different mouse ages on radiation-induced lung injury in mice.METHODS:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice and old mice were obtained by whole bone marrow adherent culture.The exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Ten 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly selected as the control group after anesthesia and not irradiated.The remaining 30 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice were used to establish a mouse radiation-induced lung injury model and were randomly divided into three groups.Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice,exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice,and PBS were injected through the tail vein,respectively.The survival rate of mice was monitored.The lung function,lung inflammation and fibrosis were assessed at 1 and 12 weeks after irradiation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The concentrations of particles and proteins in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice were higher than those in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice.(2)Compared with the control group,the survival rate of mice in the PBS group was low,and lung inflammation was obvious at week 1 after irradiation,and the levels and mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased.Collagen deposition in lung tissues was observed at week 12 after irradiation,and the mRNA level of E-cadherin was decreased,while the mRNA levels of α-smooth muscle actin,transforming growth factor-β1,and β-catenin were increased.(3)Compared with the PBS group,the survival rate of mice in the exosome group was significantly improved,and the level of proinflammatory factors and their mRNA expression were reduced at week 1 after irradiation,the mRNA level of E-cadherin was increased,and the mRNA levels of α-smooth muscle actin,transforming growth factor β1 and β-catenin were reduced at week 12 after irradiation.(4)Among all the above indicators,the therapeutic effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice was better than that of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice.(5)The results showed that exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice contained more particles and proteins,and the effect of alleviating early inflammation and late fibrosis of radiation-induced lung injury in mice was better than that of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice.

BACKGROUND:Mesenchymal stem cells show extremely therapeutic potential for radiation-induced lung injury through delivering exosomes.Age is a primary factor affecting the function and biological efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the protective effects of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of different mouse ages on radiation-induced lung injury in mice.METHODS:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice and old mice were obtained by whole bone marrow adherent culture.The exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Ten 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly selected as the control group after anesthesia and not irradiated.The remaining 30 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice were used to establish a mouse radiation-induced lung injury model and were randomly divided into three groups.Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice,exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice,and PBS were injected through the tail vein,respectively.The survival rate of mice was monitored.The lung function,lung inflammation and fibrosis were assessed at 1 and 12 weeks after irradiation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The concentrations of particles and proteins in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice were higher than those in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice.(2)Compared with the control group,the survival rate of mice in the PBS group was low,and lung inflammation was obvious at week 1 after irradiation,and the levels and mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased.Collagen deposition in lung tissues was observed at week 12 after irradiation,and the mRNA level of E-cadherin was decreased,while the mRNA levels of α-smooth muscle actin,transforming growth factor-β1,and β-catenin were increased.(3)Compared with the PBS group,the survival rate of mice in the exosome group was significantly improved,and the level of proinflammatory factors and their mRNA expression were reduced at week 1 after irradiation,the mRNA level of E-cadherin was increased,and the mRNA levels of α-smooth muscle actin,transforming growth factor β1 and β-catenin were reduced at week 12 after irradiation.(4)Among all the above indicators,the therapeutic effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice was better than that of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice.(5)The results showed that exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young mice contained more particles and proteins,and the effect of alleviating early inflammation and late fibrosis of radiation-induced lung injury in mice was better than that of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of old mice.

Modern Chinese dental societies have been a crucial part of the progress of stomatology in China, serving as both witnesses and key drivers of its development. By reviewing historical materials related to these societies, this paper focuses on analyzing their establishment background, developmental stages, overall scale, and major activities. The findings reveal that dental societies exhibited regional, phased, professional, and academic characteristics. Furthermore, the study highlights their contributions to strengthening dental education, promoting standardization within the industry, facilitating academic exchanges, and advocating for the integration of oral and systemic health. This research enriches the study of modern Chinese stomatology history.

Objective:To investigate the induction effect of different concentrations of glucose on the polarization of Raw264.7 macrophages in vitro.Methods:The Raw264.7 cells cultured in DMEM medium were divided into control group(5.5 mmol·L-1 glucose),different high-glucose groups(15.0,25.0,35.0,and 45.0 mmol·L-1 glucose),and positive control group[lipopolysaccharide(LPS)].The cells were cultured for 3,6,and 9 h,respectively.Cell morphology was observed in various groups.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)method was used to assess the survival rates of cells in various groups.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-10(IL-10)mRNA in cells in various groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the levels of IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-10 in the cell supernatants in various groups.Flow cytometry was used to determine the percentages of M1 and M2 macrophage markers,CD86+and CD163+cells,in various groups.Results:In control group,theRaw264.7 cells adhered to the culture dish,with a predominantly round morphology.The cells in 35.0 mmol·L-1 high-glucose group and positive control group showed elongated shapes and pseudopodium formation,indicating inflammatory changes.Compared with control group,the survival rates in different high-glucose groups at 6,12,24,and 48 h after treatment were increased(P＜0.05).Compared with control group,after 3 h of treatment,the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA in the cells in 35.0 mmol·L-1 high-glucose group were increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),while no significant changes were observed in IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-10 levels in the cell supernatants(P＞0.05);after 6 h of treatment,the expression level of TNF-α mRNA in the cells in 35.0 mmol·L-1 high-glucose group was increased(P＜0.001),and the levels of IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-10 in the cell supernatants were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.001);after 3 h of treatment,the percentages of macrophage markers CD86+cells and CD163+cells in 35.0 mmolL-1 high-glucose group were significantly increased(P＜0.01 or P＜0.001).Conclusion:A certain high concentration of glucose may induce the polarization of Raw264.7 macrophages towards the M1 subtype in vitro.

Hypoglycemic drugs are an important means of treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes.However,poor,ineffective and even adverse drug reactions often occur in clinical treatment.With the develop-ment of pharmacogenomics,the link between individual genetic variation and drug dose and treatment re-sponse is becoming clearer,resulting in better efficacy and fewer adverse reactions for patients.This article fo-cuses on hypoglycemic drugs and reviews the latest advances in pharmacogenomics,so as to provide references for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes and prevention of corresponding complications until the realiza-tion of precision medicine

Modern Chinese dental societies have been a crucial part of the progress of stomatology in China, serving as both witnesses and key drivers of its development. By reviewing historical materials related to these societies, this paper focuses on analyzing their establishment background, developmental stages, overall scale, and major activities. The findings reveal that dental societies exhibited regional, phased, professional, and academic characteristics. Furthermore, the study highlights their contributions to strengthening dental education, promoting standardization within the industry, facilitating academic exchanges, and advocating for the integration of oral and systemic health. This research enriches the study of modern Chinese stomatology history.

As one of the most common and severe complications of diabetic mellitus,diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)can result in severe tissue damage and dysfunction.Macrophage polarization is an important immune reactions,and the balance of macrophage polarization has remarkable impact on the occurrence,persistence and outcomes of inflammatory reactions.The imbalance of macrophage polarization may aggravate the inflammatory reactions of the diabetic mellitus patients,which therefore exacerbate the symptoms of the DFUs patients and bring more diffi-culties to the treatment.The adjustment of macrophage polarization may facilitate the improvement of symptoms and treatment.The influencing factors for the macrophage polarization and some of potential treatment measures for DFUs targeting the adjustment of macrophage polarization were reviewed in the article.

As one of the most common and severe complications of diabetic mellitus,diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)can result in severe tissue damage and dysfunction.Macrophage polarization is an important immune reactions,and the balance of macrophage polarization has remarkable impact on the occurrence,persistence and outcomes of inflammatory reactions.The imbalance of macrophage polarization may aggravate the inflammatory reactions of the diabetic mellitus patients,which therefore exacerbate the symptoms of the DFUs patients and bring more diffi-culties to the treatment.The adjustment of macrophage polarization may facilitate the improvement of symptoms and treatment.The influencing factors for the macrophage polarization and some of potential treatment measures for DFUs targeting the adjustment of macrophage polarization were reviewed in the article.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head （ONFH） is a painful and debilitating disease caused by impaired blood supply to the femoral head and cellular and tissue degeneration， leading to gradual destruction of the bone structure and progressive collapse of the femoral head. The main pathological mechanism of ONFH is the disruption of the balance between bone absorption and the reconstruction of new bone， resulting from microcirculation damage and decreased cellular tissue ability. This imbalance leads to biomechanical changes and accelerates the pathological progression of ONFH. In the early stages， clinical manifestations may not be obvious， mainly presenting as pain or discomfort in the hip or groin area， which can be relieved after rest. In the later stage of the disease， pain intensifies， and limb shortening， lower limb weakness， difficulty walking， or limping may occur. Currently， western medicine commonly uses osteogenic agents， anticoagulants， and artificial joint replacement for treatment， but there are also many issues such as prosthesis loosening and infection. Research has shown that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） treatment of ONFH takes a holistic approach and employs multi-functional， multi-target， and multi-system Chinese medicine therapies， ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the treatment. The osteoprotegerin （OPG）/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB （RANK）/RANK ligand （RANKL） signaling pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining the dynamic balance of bone remodeling. TCM treatments utilize this pathway to promote apoptosis of osteoclasts， reduce bone resorption， and accelerate bone formation， thereby playing an important role in the prevention and treatment of ONFH. This paper reviewed the role of OPG/RANK/RANKL signaling pathway and related cytokine expression in ONFH by reviewing relevant literature in China and abroad and research status of Chinese medicinal monomers， Chinese medicinal formulations， and combinations with physical therapy in increasing osteoblast secretion， promoting OPG expression， enhancing cytokine expression levels， and inhibiting osteoclast activity for the prevention and treatment of ONFH. This paper is expected to provide new ideas and directions for TCM in the prevention and treatment of ONFH.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and effect of simple support bracket combined with one stitch suture in terminal ileostomy of two stomas during anus-preserving radical resection in low rectal cancer patients. Methods Retrospectively analysis was performed for rectal cancer patients with high risk factors for postoperative anastomotic leakage, who admitted to the Department of General Surgery our hospital from December 2019 to May 2021. The patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted low rectal cancer radical resection and terminal ileostomy. There were two groups including 35 patients in the group of simple bracket combined with one stitch suture, and 35 patients in the group of conventional suture. Preoperative and postoperative clinical data were analyzed. Results General data of two groups were similar. No difference statistical significantly in the rate of postoperative stoma‐related complications between the two groups ((P>0.05). All patients were without any severe complications. All stomas were successfully closed. The time of first-stage ileostomy (13.77±2.02) min vs. (22.66±3.64) min (P<0.001), second-stage stoma closure time (88.14±28.03) min vs. (103.29±30.96) min (P=0.04), and postoperative total time in hospital (14.54±2.32) d vs. (17.34±4.57) d (P=0.002) were shorter in simple bracket combined with one stitch suture group; both total cost in the hospital of first-stage operation (42 057.98±4 938.69) yuan vs. (44 728.46±5 223.62) yuan (P=0.03), and second-stage stoma closure blood loss (17.94±9.83) mL vs. (25.86±8.24) mL (P=0.001) lower compared with that in conventional suture group. Conclusions Simple support bracket combined with one stitch suture ileostomy did not increase postoperative stoma-related complications compared with conventional suture. However, it decreased the time for both first-stage ileostomy and second-stage stoma closure, and total cost in hospital. Therefore, it could be used for prophylactic ileostomy in low rectal cancer.