Retinal neovascularization is a common pathological feature of many blinding eye diseases,and these neovessels are usually fragile and prone to rupture and hemorrhage,which can lead to severe visual impairment.Caveolin-1 is an important membrane protein involved in cellular signaling,lipid metabolism,and cytoskeleton regulation.Currently,it has been proven that Caveolin-1 expresses in a variety of retinal cell types and can participate in retinal neovascularization by regulating multiple signaling pathways.In this article,the domestic and international studies on the role and mechanism of Caveolin-1 in neovascularization were reviewed,and the therapeutic prospect of Caveolin-1 in retinal neovascularization ophthalmopathy was analyzed.This study aims to provide ideas for exploring the pathogenesis of the disease and seeking potential targeted interventions.

Objective To explore the causal relationship between myopia and specific immune cells through Mende-lian randomization(MR)analysis.Methods Data were mined from the Genome-Wide Association Studies(GWAS)data-base,and 731 immune cell characteristics were selected as exposure factors and myopia as the outcome factor.A signifi-cance threshold was established to filter single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)significantly associated with immune cells and myopia,and the influence of weak instrument variable bias was eliminated.The primary analysis method employed was the inverse variance weighted(IVW)approach,supplemented by simple mode,weighted median,weighted mode,and MR-Egger regression for data analysis.The causal relationship between circulating immune cells and myopia was assessed using odds ratios(OR)and 95％confidence intervals.For the SNPs of immune cells that met the hypothesis,Cochran's Q test was used to evaluate heterogeneity,and MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO methods were employed to exclude hor-izontal pleiotropy.The leave-one-out analysis was utilized to assess whether significant results were driven by individual SNPs.To avoid reverse causal relationships,myopia was taken as the exposure variable and immune cell phenotypes as outcome variables in the reverse MR analysis.Additionally,multivariate Mendelian randomization(MVMR)was used to e-valuate the causal and independent effects of these immune cells on myopia.Results(1)The results from the two-sam-ple MR IVW method indicated that Memory B cell AC and CD24+CD27+AC(B cells)were protective factors against my-opia.In contrast,Naive CD8br％CD8br(T cells),CD39+CD8br AC(T cells),CD25 on CD39+activated Treg(T cells),PDL-1 on CD 14+CD 16+monocytes and CD80 on myeloid DC were identified as risk factors for myopia.These re-sults are consistent with those of MR-Egger and other methods.MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO analyses demonstra-ted that there was no horizontal pleiotropy(P＞0.05).(2)The reverse two-sample MR analysis revealed no bidirectional causal relationships between myopia and the aforementioned seven immune cells(all P＞0.05).(3)In the MVMR analysis,the significant causal relationship between CD80 on myeloid DC and myopia remained robust after adjusting for potential confounding variables.Conclusion This study reveals the complex causal relationships between various immune pheno-types and myopia through genetic methods,and demonstrates the intricate regulatory patterns of interactions between the immune system and myopia.

Retinal neovascularization is a common pathological feature of many blinding eye diseases,and these neovessels are usually fragile and prone to rupture and hemorrhage,which can lead to severe visual impairment.Caveolin-1 is an important membrane protein involved in cellular signaling,lipid metabolism,and cytoskeleton regulation.Currently,it has been proven that Caveolin-1 expresses in a variety of retinal cell types and can participate in retinal neovascularization by regulating multiple signaling pathways.In this article,the domestic and international studies on the role and mechanism of Caveolin-1 in neovascularization were reviewed,and the therapeutic prospect of Caveolin-1 in retinal neovascularization ophthalmopathy was analyzed.This study aims to provide ideas for exploring the pathogenesis of the disease and seeking potential targeted interventions.

Objective To explore the causal relationship between myopia and specific immune cells through Mende-lian randomization(MR)analysis.Methods Data were mined from the Genome-Wide Association Studies(GWAS)data-base,and 731 immune cell characteristics were selected as exposure factors and myopia as the outcome factor.A signifi-cance threshold was established to filter single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)significantly associated with immune cells and myopia,and the influence of weak instrument variable bias was eliminated.The primary analysis method employed was the inverse variance weighted(IVW)approach,supplemented by simple mode,weighted median,weighted mode,and MR-Egger regression for data analysis.The causal relationship between circulating immune cells and myopia was assessed using odds ratios(OR)and 95％confidence intervals.For the SNPs of immune cells that met the hypothesis,Cochran's Q test was used to evaluate heterogeneity,and MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO methods were employed to exclude hor-izontal pleiotropy.The leave-one-out analysis was utilized to assess whether significant results were driven by individual SNPs.To avoid reverse causal relationships,myopia was taken as the exposure variable and immune cell phenotypes as outcome variables in the reverse MR analysis.Additionally,multivariate Mendelian randomization(MVMR)was used to e-valuate the causal and independent effects of these immune cells on myopia.Results(1)The results from the two-sam-ple MR IVW method indicated that Memory B cell AC and CD24+CD27+AC(B cells)were protective factors against my-opia.In contrast,Naive CD8br％CD8br(T cells),CD39+CD8br AC(T cells),CD25 on CD39+activated Treg(T cells),PDL-1 on CD 14+CD 16+monocytes and CD80 on myeloid DC were identified as risk factors for myopia.These re-sults are consistent with those of MR-Egger and other methods.MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO analyses demonstra-ted that there was no horizontal pleiotropy(P＞0.05).(2)The reverse two-sample MR analysis revealed no bidirectional causal relationships between myopia and the aforementioned seven immune cells(all P＞0.05).(3)In the MVMR analysis,the significant causal relationship between CD80 on myeloid DC and myopia remained robust after adjusting for potential confounding variables.Conclusion This study reveals the complex causal relationships between various immune pheno-types and myopia through genetic methods,and demonstrates the intricate regulatory patterns of interactions between the immune system and myopia.

Background Researchers showed that posterior capsule opacification (PCO) may be associated with the materials of intraocular lenses (IOLs).However,there have long been controversies about the influence of IOLs materials on PCO pathogenesis.Objective This study was to compare the capsule biocompatibility of different materials of IOLs by observing the biological behavior of human lens epithelial cells (LECs) on the surface of IOLs,including adhesion,proliferation,epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the secretion of transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2),interleukin-6 (IL-6),matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in vitro.Methods Human lens epithelial cell line (HLE-B3) was cultured on the surface of hydrophobic acrylic (Acrysof SA60AT) IOLs,silicone (Crystalens HD) IOLs and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) IOLs for 6 hours and 24 hours,respectively.The number and morphology of HLE-B3 cells on the surface of IOLs were observed under the optical microscope.The proliferation states of the cells on the IOL surface were detected with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8).The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA),a mesenchymal cell marker,in the cells was detected by immunofluoreseence technology,and the EMT rates of HLE-B3 cells were calculated.The contents of TGF-β2,IL-6,MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the medium of IOL surface were measured by ELISA assay.The examination results were compared among different IOLs.Results Six hours after cultured,attached cells showed polygon and round in shape on the surface of Acrysof IOLs and Crystalens IOLs,while those on the PMMA IOLs showed the fusiform.Twenty-four hours after cultured,the cells extended obviously.On the surface of Acrysof IOLs and Crystalens IOLs,the adherent cells showed less cobble-stone like and more spindle shape;while those on the PMMA IOLs showed the typical fiber and some cells clustered the pearl rolls.The number of the cells on the Acrysof IOLs,Crystalens IOLs and PMMA IOLs was 0.238 4 ± 0.007 1,0.178 1 ±-0.006 6 and 0.158 9 ± 0.006 9 respectively,showing a significant difference among the three types of IOLs (F =475.947,P =0.000),and the number of the cells was much more on the Acrysof IOLs than that on the Crystalens IOLs or PMMA IOLs (both at P＜0.001).The EMT rats of the cells on the Acrysof IOLs,Crystalens IOLs and PMMA IOLs were (9.99±3.80) ％,(17.33±5.71) ％ and (84.16±10.48) ％,with a significant difference among them (F =127.411,P =0.000),and the EMT rates of the cells on the PMMA IOLs were significantly higher than those on the Crystalens IOLs and A.crysof IOLs(both at P＜0.001).There were significant differences in the contents of TGF-β2,IL-6,MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the medium on the Acrysof IOLs,Crystalens IOLs and PMMA IOLs (F =0.846,0.947,0.255,0.922,all at P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The hydrophobic acrylic IOLs have the best capsule biocompatibility followed by the silicone IOLs and then the PMMA IOLs.

Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) or glaucomatocyclitic crisis is a rare,unilateral recurrent inflammatory ocular hypertensive disease.Although it is typically self-limited and has benign prognosis,some cases were reported with advanced optic nerve cupping and associated visual field loss.Current therapeutic strategies are mainly focused on controlling intraocular pressure and reducing inflammation.These treatments may relieve acute episode of PSS,but could not decrease the recurrences.Therefore,the etiology of PSS is extremely important.This review summarized and analyzed the advances in the etiology and pathogenesis of PSS in recent twenty years,including microbial infection,allergy,abnormal vascular reactivity,autoimmune and endocrine.Infectious theories are most studied at present.The probabilities of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus as the etiology of PSS were considered to be very small.Heliobacter pylori was thought to be related to the pathogenesis of PSS and glaucomatous optic nerve injury.The most likely cause of PSS is cytomegalovirus infection,but there existed evidences that opposed the theory.Due to the small sample size and limit of technology,the evidences of allergy,abnormal vascular reactivity,autoimmune and endocrinic factors as the pathogenesis of PSS were not definite.In conclusion,no single factor could explain the etiology and pathogenesis of PSS,multiple factors such as external factor,internal factor and autogenous factor might be involved.