ObjectiveTo compare the differences between wild Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus（WAOF） and cultivated Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus（CAOF） through a traditional quality evaluation system for medicinal materials. MethodsA total of 10 batches of WAOF and 12 batches of CAOF samples were collected from various regions of Hainan province. Relevant analytical methods from the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China were employed to observe the characteristics of WAOF and CAOF， followed by microscopic identification， thin-layer chromatography（TLC） identification， moisture content（toluene method）， total ash， acid-insoluble ash， water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extracts（hot dipping method）， water-soluble protein， total polysaccharides and total flavonoids（ultraviolet spectrophotometry）， and volatile oil content（method A under general rule 2204）. The contents of five active components（protocatechuic acid， chrysin， kaempferol， tectochrysin and nootkatone） were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）， and the antioxidant activity was evaluated. Building upon traditional quality evaluation of AOF， quantitative measurements were conducted on its appearance traits including diameter， length， plumpness（diameter/length ratio）， and color. Canonical correlation analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 to explore relationships between appearance traits and intrinsic quality. ResultsNo significant differences were observed between WAOF and CAOF in microscopic observation， TLC identification， moisture content， protocatechuic acid content， kaempferol content， odor， or antioxidant activity measured by 2，2ʹ-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid）（ABTS） method. WAOF exhibited significantly higher levels in water-soluble extracts， alcohol-soluble extracts， total polysaccharide content， water-soluble protein content， 100-grain weight， length， and total color difference（ΔE^*ab） compared to CAOF（P<0.01）. In contrast， CAOF showed significantly higher levels of total ash， acid-insoluble ash， content of total flavonoids， volatile oil content， chrysin content， tectochrysin content， nootkatone content， diameter， plumpness， lightness（L^*）， red-green chromaticity（a^*）， yellow-blue chromaticity（b^*）， and antioxidant activity measured by 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） method compared to WAOF（P<0.01）. Correlation analysis between 7 phenotypic traits and 8 quality traits revealed that among the phenotypic traits， plumpness， L^*， a^*， and b^* exerted significant influence on intrinsic quality. Among the quality traits， total flavonoids， volatile oils， nootkatone， chrysin， and tectochrysin contributed substantially to intrinsic quality. ConclusionPlumpness， L^*， a^*， and b^* of AOF significantly influence its intrinsic quality， and higher values of these parameters indicate relatively superior intrinsic quality. The comprehensive quality evaluation reveals that CAOF samples collected in this study are superior to their wild counterparts.

Chronic liver diseases are a group of diseases in which the liver is subjected to a variety of injuries over a long period of time， resulting in irreversible pathological changes that last longer than 6 months. Emodin （EMO） is a natural anthraquinone derivative derived from Rheum officinale， and its pharmacological effect has been extensively studied， exhibiting a variety of biological properties and involving multiple signaling molecules and pathways. Western medicine or surgical treatment is currently the main treatment regimen for chronic liver diseases， and the advance in treatment is limited by various reasons such as side effects and high costs. Due to its natural origin and efficacy， EMO has unique advantages in the treatment of chronic liver diseases and has now become a research hotspot. This article summarizes the therapeutic effect of EMO on chronic liver diseases and its mechanism， in order to provide a certain scientific basis for the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of chronic liver diseases and the development of drugs in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND:Research on carbon nanomaterials in the biomedical field is booming,and related scientific research results are increasing year by year.However,visualization analysis of the annual number of publications,the research status of countries,institutions,authors,and research hotspots and trends in this field is relatively scarce. OBJECTIVE:To present the research status of carbon nanomaterials in biomedical field,reveal the main research subjects,explore the research hotspots and development trends,and provide a reference for the future development of this field. METHODS:The core data set of Web of Science was used as the literature source to search the relevant researches on carbon nanomaterials in the biomedical field from 2012 to 2023.The knowledge map was generated by using Citespace software with countries,institutions,authors,keywords,and co-citations as nodes and for visualization analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)A total of 2 932 papers were included in this study.In the medical field,carbon nanomaterials had a large number of papers and a fast growth rate.The United States has a large number of papers;China is an emerging force in this field,although the number of papers is the largest,but the level of research and influence need to be improved.The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the largest cooperative network institution,which mainly targets domestic institutions and lacks cooperation with well-known foreign institutions.(2)Keyword analysis displays that the green synthesis method and application of displaying carbon points have been the focus of research,followed by the new method of combining carbon nanomaterials with cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy,the key direction of future research.(3)The dynamic development trend of co-citations suggests that tissue engineering is a hot research topic of carbon nanomaterials in the field of biomedicine,mainly including the research of carbon nanomaterials for the repair and regeneration of heart and nerve tissue and as a bio-ink additive for 3D and 4D bioprinting.(4)In the future,with the development of the biomedical field in the direction of precision and treatment,researchers should speed up the creation of carbon-based systems formed by the combination of scientific and effective carbon nanomaterials with science and technology,new polymers or organic molecules,and new therapeutic methods,so as to give full play to the maximum effect of carbon nanomaterials.

Periodontal homeostasis is regulated by the complex interplay between the gingival epithelial barrier, the extracellular matrix of soft tissues, the bone coupling system, and immune responses within the periodontal region. Gingival epithelial cells are primarily composed of keratinocytes and a small proportion of non-keratinocytes, and they are integral to the formation of the gingival epithelial barrier. This epithelial barrier plays a fundamental role in defending against pathogens, exogenous substances, and mechanical stress. This study aims to explore the intrinsic connections between gingival epithelial cells and periodontal homeostasis. Research has shown that gingival epithelial cells participate in maintaining periodontal homeostasis through multiple pathways: ① gingival epithelial cells respond to the inflammatory environment by undergoing proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and forming apoptosis-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps; ② when gingival inflammation damages the epithelial barrier, lipopolysaccharides cannot be easily removed, and gingival epithelial cells play a defensive role by activating innate immune responses; ③ the interactions of gingival epithelial cells with oral microbiota and immune cells are essential for maintaining periodontal homeostasis. Thus, gingival epithelial cells are closely associated with periodontal homeostasis. However, the crucial role and mechanisms of gingival epithelial cells in the maintenance of periodontal homeostasis are not clear, which provides novel insights for the research of periodontal homeostatic medicine.

BackgroundModified electroconvulsive therapy （MECT） is a common front-line strategy widely used in psychiatric practice， and the optimal first stimulus dosage in MECT is usually estimated clinically based on the factors influencing the patient's initial seizure threshold （IST）. However， previous studies on the influencing factors of IST have mostly suffered from limitations such as small sample sizes and single-dimensional research perspectives. ObjectiveTo explore the factors influencing IST in MECT for patients with mental disorders， so as to provide references for stimulus dosing strategies in MECT for the patients. MethodsA retrospective study was used to include 1 446 inpatients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for any specific mental disorder listed in the ICD-10 and receiving MECT at Shandong Daizhuang Hospital from January 1， 2021 to August 1， 2023. Their general and clinical data were collected， including IST， psychiatric diagnostic categories， gender， ethnicity， age， body weight， body mass index （BMI）， course of disease， family history of psychiatric disorders， first episode status， use of antiepileptic drugs the day before treatment， use of benzodiazepines the day before treatment， and previous MECT treatment history. Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to test the correlation of IST with age， height， body weight， BMI， and course of disease， and stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting IST. ResultsIST yielded statistical difference among patients in terms of gender， first episode status， use of antiepileptic drugs the day before treatment， and use of benzodiazepines the day before treatment （t=2.256， -3.059， -2.136， -3.006， P<0.05 or 0.01）. IST in patients of different ages and psychiatric diagnostic categories also demonstrated statistical difference （F=913.120， 6.212， P<0.01）. Within young population， IST varied significantly based on the psychiatric diagnostic categories （F=2.986， P<0.05）. Correlation analysis indicated that IST was positively correlated with age， body weight， BMI and course of disease （r=0.886， 0.055， 0.184， 0.456， P<0.05 or 0.01）， and negatively correlated with height （r=-0.183， P<0.01）. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that age， gender， and body weight were influencing factors of IST （β=0.888， -0.049， -0.035， P<0.01）. ConclusionsAge， gender and body weight may be factors influencing IST in MECT for patients with mental disorders. ［Funded by Key R&D Plan Projects of Jining City in 2024 (number, 2024YXNS202）］

Objective: To develop a simple digital chylous plasma device and validate its ability to accurately, standardly, and non-destructively determine chylous plasma in blood banks and clinical transfusions in hospitals. Methods: A digital chylous plasma assessment device was designed and manufactured. This device was used to measure the chylous degrees of chylous plasma samples before freezing, after freeze-thawing, before viral inactivation, and after viral inactivation. The measured chylosity index values were categorized according to the requirements specified in Appendix A of the Chinese national standard GB 18469-2001 "Quality Requirements for Whole Blood and Blood Components". This process established a digital standard for chylous plasma, enabling the identification of severe, moderate and mild chylous plasma, and non-chylous plasma. Results: The initial simple product of the digital chylous assessment device was successfully designed and manufactured. There was no significant difference in the degree of chylous plasma between pre-freezing 468.11±217.73 lux and post-thawing 538.91±273.39 lux of chylous plasma (P>0.05), or between pre-viral inactivation 858.33±387.79 lux and post-viral inactivation 928.33±166.51 lux of chylous plasma (P>0.05). The median of chylous degree values for plasma chylous index grades 0 to 6 were 45 lux, 250 lux, 620 lux, 835 lux, 1 130 lux, 1 390 lux, and 1 700 lux, respectively. The defined cutoff values/ranges for the chylous degree values corresponding to plasma chylous index grade 0 to 6 were ≤125 lux, 126-465 lux, 466-740 lux, 741-1 000 lux, 1 001-1 233 lux, 1 234-1 560 lux, and ≥1 561 lux. Conclusion: This study successfully developed the initial product of the digital chylous device and established digital standards for classifying chylous plasma. The device demonstrates the potential to meet the needs for assessment of chylous plasma in both blood banks and clinical transfusions in hospitals, thereby promoting the development and application of standardized, non-destructive chylous plasma assessment technology.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH） is a chronic liver disease with the main pathological features of hepatic steatosis， inflammatory cell infiltration， and interstitial fibroplasia， and it is an important risk factor for liver fibrosis， liver cirrhosis， and hepatocellular carcinoma. NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome is the core of innate immunity， and the abnormal activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is closely associated with the development and progression of NASH， which involves multiple links such as inflammatory response and oxidative stress. A large number of studies have shown that the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and TCM compound prescriptions can improve oxidative stress， regulate lipid metabolism， and alleviate liver inflammation by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome. TCM treatment applied in clinical practice has achieved a good therapeutic effect， while inflammasome is one of the key pathways or targets for TCM in improving NASH. This article reviews the mechanism of action of NLRP3 inflammasome in NASH and the research advances in TCM intervention of NLRP3 inflammasome， in order to provide ideas for the clinical TCM treatment of NASH， as well as reference targets and research directions for the research and development of new TCM drugs.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy between liposuction combined with circumareolar small incision and three-port endoscopic surgery for the treatment of Simon Ⅱ gynecomastia (GYN). Methods Comparative case data of 120 patients with GYN were retrospectively analyzed, 61 patients in the open group underwent circumareolar small incision mastectomy after liposuction, and 59 patients in the endoscopic group underwent three-port endoscopic mastectomy after liposuction. The two groups were compared in terms of surgery-related indexes, occurrence of postoperative complications and patient satisfaction. Results The unilateral operation time of the open group was shorter than that of the endoscopic group, the unilateral gland resection weight in the open group was more than that in the endoscopic group, the hospitalization cost of the open group was less than that of the endoscopic group (all P<0.01). There was no significant difference in unilateral liposuction volume, drainage volume on the first postoperative day, and time to drain removal between the two groups (P>0.05). The incidence of complications in the open group and the endoscopic group were 8.2% and 13.6% respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The difference in the overall satisfaction scores between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusions Liposuction combined with circumareolar small incision or three-port endoscopic surgery both has good cosmetic effects in the treatment of Simon Ⅱ GYN. The operation with circumareolar small incision is simple, has a shorter operation time, costs less, and does not require special equipment, which is suitable for promotion and application in medical institutions.

Hematological malignancies are a serious disease with a high risk of mortality and a high tendency to recur. The current mainstream treatment methods mainly include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, supportive therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immune cell therapy can induce the function of immune cells and accurately kill tumors and pathogens. For those refractory patients who experience relapse or have poor response to traditional treatments, the immune cell therapy has good clinical efficacy. This article reviews the latest advances in immune cell therapy for hematological malignancies.

Acute leukemia is a common hematological malignancy.Conventional chemotherapy,targe-ted drug therapy,hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and other treatment methods have made progress,but the mortality rate of patients after recurrence is still high.Adoptive cell therapy(ACT)has emerged as an effective therapeutic option for acute leukemia,particularly chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell therapy,which has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL)and ma-lignant lymphoma.However,CAR-T cell therapy may induce cytokine release syndrome.Recent studies have highlighted the potent anti-leukemia effects of CAR-NK cell therapy.This review summarizeed the research progress of ACT employing various immune cells targeting different antigens in the treatment of acute leukemia.