Objective To explore the effectiveness of the cumulative sum (CUSUM) and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) for early warning of influenza epidemic using two datasets of reported influenza cases and influenza-like illness (ILI) cases. Methods Using the reported cases of influenza and ILI in Daxing District, Beijing, from week 23 of 2018 to week 22 of 2024 as data sets, the CUSUM and EWMA models were established, respectively. The positive rate of influenza etiology was used as the ^“gold standard^”, and the Youden index was used as the evaluation index to compare the early warning effect of the two models under different data sets and different parameters. Results In CUSUM, the optimal Youden indices of the reported influenza cases set and the ILI cases set were 0.751 and 0.635, respectively. In EWMA, the optimal Youden indices of the reported influenza cases set and the ILI cases set were 0.544 and 0.464, respectively. The optimal EWMA and CUSUM models could both issue early warning signals in advance of the ^“gold standard^”. Conclusion In the influenza epidemic early warning in Daxing District, Beijing, the CUSUM model established with the reported cases of influenza can achieve good early warning effects, but the model parameters need to be dynamically adjusted according to the local epidemic characteristics.

A total of 1 557 cases were included in the Febrile Respiratory Syndrome (FRS) surveillance conducted in Daxing District between 2018 and 2023. Twelve respiratory pathogens were investigated: human influenza virus (HIFV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human enterovirus (HEV), human adenovirus (HadV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human bocavirus (HBoV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), human coronavirus (HCoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Results demonstrated an overall pathogen detection rate of 25.31% (394/1 557), with descending prevalence as follows: HIFV, SARS-CoV-2, HRV, HPIV, MP, HCoV, HRSV, HEV, HMPV, HadV, HBoV, and CP. Temporal analysis revealed detection rates of 26.98% (150/556) for 2018-2019, 15.81% (95/601) for 2020-2022, and 37.25% (149/400) for 2023, showing statistically significant interannual variation (χ2=59.703, P<0.001). Compared with 2018-2019, 2023 exhibited significantly elevated detection rates for HIFV and HMPV ( P<0.05), while HRV, MP, HEV, and HBoV demonstrated significantly reduced rates ( P<0.05). Age-stratified analysis identified HIFV, HRSV, and HadV as the predominant pathogens in individuals aged <15 years, whereas SARS-CoV-2, HIFV, and HRV predominated in those aged ≥60 years.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition level of different populations in Daxing District of Beijing, and to provide a basis for implementation of "tailored measures, classified guidance, and scientific iodine supplementation" for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:From 2020 to 2023, Daxing District of Beijing was divided into 5 districts from April to September each year based on east, west, south, north, and center. One township (street) was selected from each district, and 20 pregnant women, 40 women of childbearing age, 40 adult males, and 40 non boarding children aged 8 to 10 from one primary school were selected from each township (street). At the same time, 100 pregnant women with current addresses in Daxing District, Beijing were selected from one obstetrics hospital in Daxing District every year. Once random urine sample was collected from all survey subjects, and the household edible salt samples were collected from children and 400 pregnant women for determination of urinary iodine and salt iodine levels.Results:From 2020 to 2023, a total of 3 022 urine samples were collected, including 920, 700, 702, and 700 samples from children aged 8 - 10, pregnant women, women of childbearing age, and adult males, respectively. The median urinary iodine levels were 181.1, 135.0, 144.0, and 140.0 μg/L, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in urinary iodine levels among children aged 8 - 10, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age in different years ( H = 77.88, 9.40, 22.11, P < 0.05). A total of 1 320 household edible salt samples were collected from children aged 8 - 10 and pregnant women. Among them, 920 salt samples were collected from children, the median salt iodine was 21.3 mg/kg, the iodized salt coverage rate was 88.48% (814/920), and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 80.76% (743/920). Four hundred salt samples were collected from pregnant women, the median salt iodine was 21.8 mg/kg, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 90.25% (361/400), and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 77.50% (310/400). The results of correlation analysis showed there was no correlation between urinary iodine level of children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women with their salt iodine level ( r = 0.06, 0.07, P = 0.055, 0.142). Conclusions:Pregnant women in Daxing District, Beijing are at a deficiency level in iodine nutrition, with children aged 8 - 10, women of childbearing age, and adult males all at an appropriate level of iodine nutrition. We should strengthen health education for pregnant women and ensure that they receive sufficient iodine nutrition. At the same time, relevant departments should increase the supervision and management of iodized salt.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with psittacosis, in order to provide a basis for early diagnosis and prevention of the disease.Methods:Clinical data of psittacosis cases reported in 2023 from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System in Daxing District, Beijing were collected, and the patients' general information, epidemiological characteristics, clinical characteristics, imaging examination results, laboratory test results, treatment and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 7 cases of psittacosis were reported in Daxing District in 2023, with no clustered infection in households or workplaces. There were 4 males and 3 females, with a median age of 66 years old, and a range of 52 to 82 years old. Epidemiological investigation revealed that 6 patients had a clear history of contact with poultry (4 had first contact with parrots or pigeons, and 2 had long-term exposure to pigeons, parrots or wild birds). The onset time was concentrated in April and May. The primary clinical manifestations included high fever (6 cases), fatigue (4 cases), and chills (3 cases). The imaging examination results showed that inflammatory changes occurred in the unilateral lung of 6 patients, and both lungs were affected in 1 patients. Laboratory test results indicated elevated neutrophill percentage in 6 patients, decreased white blood cell counts in 2 patients, elevated white blood cell counts in 2 patients, and elevated C-reactive protein levels in 7 patients. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing test showed that all seven patients were positive for Chlamydia psittaci. All 7 patients were treated with quinolone or tetracycline antibiotics, with 6 cured and discharged, and 1 died. Conclusion:Psittacosis is usually manifested clinically as high fever, fatigue, and unilateral lung inflammation, often associated with poultry exposure.

A total of 1 557 cases were included in the Febrile Respiratory Syndrome (FRS) surveillance conducted in Daxing District between 2018 and 2023. Twelve respiratory pathogens were investigated: human influenza virus (HIFV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human enterovirus (HEV), human adenovirus (HadV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human bocavirus (HBoV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), human coronavirus (HCoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Results demonstrated an overall pathogen detection rate of 25.31% (394/1 557), with descending prevalence as follows: HIFV, SARS-CoV-2, HRV, HPIV, MP, HCoV, HRSV, HEV, HMPV, HadV, HBoV, and CP. Temporal analysis revealed detection rates of 26.98% (150/556) for 2018-2019, 15.81% (95/601) for 2020-2022, and 37.25% (149/400) for 2023, showing statistically significant interannual variation (χ2=59.703, P<0.001). Compared with 2018-2019, 2023 exhibited significantly elevated detection rates for HIFV and HMPV ( P<0.05), while HRV, MP, HEV, and HBoV demonstrated significantly reduced rates ( P<0.05). Age-stratified analysis identified HIFV, HRSV, and HadV as the predominant pathogens in individuals aged <15 years, whereas SARS-CoV-2, HIFV, and HRV predominated in those aged ≥60 years.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with psittacosis, in order to provide a basis for early diagnosis and prevention of the disease.Methods:Clinical data of psittacosis cases reported in 2023 from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System in Daxing District, Beijing were collected, and the patients' general information, epidemiological characteristics, clinical characteristics, imaging examination results, laboratory test results, treatment and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 7 cases of psittacosis were reported in Daxing District in 2023, with no clustered infection in households or workplaces. There were 4 males and 3 females, with a median age of 66 years old, and a range of 52 to 82 years old. Epidemiological investigation revealed that 6 patients had a clear history of contact with poultry (4 had first contact with parrots or pigeons, and 2 had long-term exposure to pigeons, parrots or wild birds). The onset time was concentrated in April and May. The primary clinical manifestations included high fever (6 cases), fatigue (4 cases), and chills (3 cases). The imaging examination results showed that inflammatory changes occurred in the unilateral lung of 6 patients, and both lungs were affected in 1 patients. Laboratory test results indicated elevated neutrophill percentage in 6 patients, decreased white blood cell counts in 2 patients, elevated white blood cell counts in 2 patients, and elevated C-reactive protein levels in 7 patients. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing test showed that all seven patients were positive for Chlamydia psittaci. All 7 patients were treated with quinolone or tetracycline antibiotics, with 6 cured and discharged, and 1 died. Conclusion:Psittacosis is usually manifested clinically as high fever, fatigue, and unilateral lung inflammation, often associated with poultry exposure.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition level of different populations in Daxing District of Beijing, and to provide a basis for implementation of "tailored measures, classified guidance, and scientific iodine supplementation" for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:From 2020 to 2023, Daxing District of Beijing was divided into 5 districts from April to September each year based on east, west, south, north, and center. One township (street) was selected from each district, and 20 pregnant women, 40 women of childbearing age, 40 adult males, and 40 non boarding children aged 8 to 10 from one primary school were selected from each township (street). At the same time, 100 pregnant women with current addresses in Daxing District, Beijing were selected from one obstetrics hospital in Daxing District every year. Once random urine sample was collected from all survey subjects, and the household edible salt samples were collected from children and 400 pregnant women for determination of urinary iodine and salt iodine levels.Results:From 2020 to 2023, a total of 3 022 urine samples were collected, including 920, 700, 702, and 700 samples from children aged 8 - 10, pregnant women, women of childbearing age, and adult males, respectively. The median urinary iodine levels were 181.1, 135.0, 144.0, and 140.0 μg/L, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in urinary iodine levels among children aged 8 - 10, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age in different years ( H = 77.88, 9.40, 22.11, P < 0.05). A total of 1 320 household edible salt samples were collected from children aged 8 - 10 and pregnant women. Among them, 920 salt samples were collected from children, the median salt iodine was 21.3 mg/kg, the iodized salt coverage rate was 88.48% (814/920), and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 80.76% (743/920). Four hundred salt samples were collected from pregnant women, the median salt iodine was 21.8 mg/kg, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 90.25% (361/400), and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 77.50% (310/400). The results of correlation analysis showed there was no correlation between urinary iodine level of children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women with their salt iodine level ( r = 0.06, 0.07, P = 0.055, 0.142). Conclusions:Pregnant women in Daxing District, Beijing are at a deficiency level in iodine nutrition, with children aged 8 - 10, women of childbearing age, and adult males all at an appropriate level of iodine nutrition. We should strengthen health education for pregnant women and ensure that they receive sufficient iodine nutrition. At the same time, relevant departments should increase the supervision and management of iodized salt.

Objective:To investigate the delay in medical care-seeking and diagnosis of human brucellosis cases in Daxing District, Beijing City, and analyze the relevant influencing factors.Methods:Retrospective analysis method was used to collect the information on brucellosis cases reported by the Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System in Daxing District, Beijing City from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022. And the case information was reviewed, including demographic information, clinical manifestations, medical care-seeking, diagnosis, etc. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of delayed diagnosis.Results:A total of 120 cases of brucellosis were included, including 91 males and 29 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.14 ∶ 1.00. The majority were aged 40 - 79 years, accounting for 81.7% (98/120). Farmers and unemployed household workers were the main occupations, accounting for 67.5% (81/120). The main clinical manifestations were fever (85.8%, 103/120), hyperhidrosis (65.8%, 79/120), fatigue (61.7%, 74/120), and muscle soreness (60.0%, 72/120). The delay rate of medical care-seeking was 33.3% (40/120), with a median medical care-seeking time of 6 days (interquartile range: 2 - 22 days, range: 0 - 727 days). The diagnosis delay rate was 50.8% (61/120), with a median diagnosis time of 10 days (interquartile range: 3 - 22 days, range: 0 - 1 530 days). The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that the reasons for initial diagnosis were severe or recurrent symptoms ( OR = 6.76, 95% CI: 2.40 - 19.01), serological monitoring or other diseases ( OR = 36.00, 95% CI: 3.57 - 362.72), and delayed medical care-seeking ( OR = 4.30, 95% CI: 1.68 - 11.01) were risk factors for delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases. The location of the diagnostic hospitals outside the city ( OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.92) was a protective factor for delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases. Conclusions:The medical care-seeking and diagnosis of brucellosis cases in Daxing District, Beijing City have been delayed to varying degrees. The reasons of initial diagnosis are severe or recurrent symptoms, serological monitoring or other diseases, and medical care-seeking delay are the risk factors for the delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases. The location of the diagnostic hospitals outside the city is a protective factor for delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases.

Objective:To investigate the delay in medical care-seeking and diagnosis of human brucellosis cases in Daxing District, Beijing City, and analyze the relevant influencing factors.Methods:Retrospective analysis method was used to collect the information on brucellosis cases reported by the Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System in Daxing District, Beijing City from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022. And the case information was reviewed, including demographic information, clinical manifestations, medical care-seeking, diagnosis, etc. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of delayed diagnosis.Results:A total of 120 cases of brucellosis were included, including 91 males and 29 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.14 ∶ 1.00. The majority were aged 40 - 79 years, accounting for 81.7% (98/120). Farmers and unemployed household workers were the main occupations, accounting for 67.5% (81/120). The main clinical manifestations were fever (85.8%, 103/120), hyperhidrosis (65.8%, 79/120), fatigue (61.7%, 74/120), and muscle soreness (60.0%, 72/120). The delay rate of medical care-seeking was 33.3% (40/120), with a median medical care-seeking time of 6 days (interquartile range: 2 - 22 days, range: 0 - 727 days). The diagnosis delay rate was 50.8% (61/120), with a median diagnosis time of 10 days (interquartile range: 3 - 22 days, range: 0 - 1 530 days). The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that the reasons for initial diagnosis were severe or recurrent symptoms ( OR = 6.76, 95% CI: 2.40 - 19.01), serological monitoring or other diseases ( OR = 36.00, 95% CI: 3.57 - 362.72), and delayed medical care-seeking ( OR = 4.30, 95% CI: 1.68 - 11.01) were risk factors for delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases. The location of the diagnostic hospitals outside the city ( OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.92) was a protective factor for delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases. Conclusions:The medical care-seeking and diagnosis of brucellosis cases in Daxing District, Beijing City have been delayed to varying degrees. The reasons of initial diagnosis are severe or recurrent symptoms, serological monitoring or other diseases, and medical care-seeking delay are the risk factors for the delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases. The location of the diagnostic hospitals outside the city is a protective factor for delayed diagnosis of brucellosis cases.

Objective To analyze the effects of change water sources on population iodine nutrition and goiter status in historical high water-iodine area in Yufa Town of Daxing District,Beijing,and evaluate the control effects.Methods A retrospective analysis method was used to collect epidemiological survey data such as water iodine content,urinary iodine content and goiter rate before and after iodine reduction in Yufa Town of Daxing District,Beijing,2005-2016,and the data were compared and analyzed.Results Yufa Town had implemented water reform since 2005.As of 2015,8 change water source projects had been built,and all historical high-water iodine villages had completed drinking water transformation.Totally 64,12,26,26,and 37 water samples were collected and tested in 2005,2009,2010,2011,and 2014,the medians of water iodine were 185.2,20.9,14.1,16.8,and 21.6 μg/L,respectively,and the medians of water iodine decreased significantly through changing water source.Totally 148,153,150,and 40 urine samples of children aged 8 to 10 years old were collected and tested in 2005,2009,2011,and 2016,the medians of urinary iodine were 520.1,201.6,143.0,and 135.0 μg/L,respectively,and the medians of urinary iodine decreased to a suitable range (100-199 μg/L) through changing water source.Totally 154,292,40,and 40 school-age children were tested for thyroid volume in 2005,2009,2011,and 2016,and 10,6,0,and 1 thyroid enlargements were detected,respectively.The thyroid enlargement rates were 6.49％.2.05％,0,and 2.50％,and the rates of goiter were reduced to less than 5％ through changing water source.Conclusion The high water-iodine in water-borne high iodine area in Yufa Town,Daxing District,Beijing is basically eliminated after change water sources,water improvement to reduce iodine is a basic measure to control high iodine damage in high water-iodine areas.