Owing to its inherent advantages—such as being non-destructive, rapid, highly molecule-specific, and minimally interfered with by moisture—Raman spectroscopy has been widely adopted in the fields of skin barrier function assessment, monitoring the transdermal penetration of active cosmetic ingredients, and the identification and quality control of cosmetic products. Despite these strengths, the practical application of this technique faces a significant bottleneck: the strong fluorescence background generated by endogenous skin components and exogenous cosmetic additives. Endogenous skin substances, such as structural proteins (e.g., collagen and elastin), metabolic coenzymes (e.g., nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and pigments (e.g., melanin), together with exogenous cosmetic constituents like organic colorants, chemical sunscreens, and fragrances, often possess strong absorption and emission characteristics. When excited by lasers, these components produce a fluorescence background that can be 10⁶ to 10⁸ times stronger than the Raman scattering signals, effectively masking the inherently weak vibrational fingerprint information. In recent years, driven by the rapid development of optoelectronic hardware and artificial intelligence algorithms, fluorescence suppression strategies have evolved from isolated, single-method approaches into comprehensive, multi-level synergistic systems. These systems are categorized into three distinct tiers: sample preparation, signal acquisition, and data processing. At the sample preparation level, techniques such as photobleaching and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are employed to eliminate or bypass the generation of fluorescence at the source. At the signal acquisition level, instrumental improvements—including the use of long-wavelength near-infrared excitation (typically 785 nm or 1 064 nm), confocal spatial filtering, and shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS)— are utilized to physically isolate Raman signals from the fluorescence background. Furthermore, at the data processing level, numerical baseline correction methods such as polynomial fitting, penalized least squares (e.g., airPLS, arPLS), wavelet transform, and derivative algorithms are increasingly integrated into the analytical pipeline to extract Raman spectral features from mixed signals without increasing hardware costs or acquisition time. This review provides a systematic categorization and critical evaluation of these fluorescence suppression methods, detailing their underlying principles, technical advantages, and inherent limitations in diverse experimental setups. By focusing on critical application scenarios—including skin barrier assessment, percutaneous absorption monitoring, the routine quality control of cosmetics, and the emerging field of portable on-site detection—this paper explores the current state of technique selection and optimization. Finally, the article discusses future development trends, emphasizing the necessity of constructing adaptive, tiered suppression strategies, developing intelligent and automated data processing algorithms, and promoting the integration of portable, multi-modal diagnostic devices. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive technical reference to facilitate the transition of Raman spectroscopy from a specialized laboratory tool into a routine, robust analytical platform for advancements in skin science and cosmetic research.

AIM To compare the effects of Shaoling Formula emulsion versus its decoction on epidermal barrier function in a psoriasis mouse model.METHODS The Shaoling Formula emulsion was prepared by emulsification,whereas the decoction was produced by aqueous extraction.A psoriasis-like mouse model was established by topical application of 5％imiquimod cream(50 mg).The mice were randomly assigned to normal control,model control,Shaoling Formula emulsion group(13.26 g/kg),Shaoling Formula decoction group(13.26 g/kg),blank emulsion group,and positive control group(calcipotriol betamethasone ointment group,2.5 g/kg).After treatment for six consecutive days,the mice had their severity of skin lesions assessed with psoriasis area and severity index(PASI)scoring.Upon the completion of the treatment,the mice had transepidermal water loss(TEWL)and stratum corneum hydration(SCH)determined by the GPSkin Barrier;their histopathological changes in skin lesions observed using HE staining;their levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-17A,IL-22,and IL-23 in lesions detected by ELISA;and their Aquaporin 3(AQP3)expression analyzed by Western blot.RESULTS Compared to the model group,both the Shaoling Formula emulsion and positive control group demonstrated significant reductions in PASI scores(P＜0.01)and increased SCH(P＜0.01);decreased serum levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-17A,IL-22 and IL-23(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);histopathological improvements including attenuated parakeratosis/hyperkeratosis,reduced acanthosis,diminished dermal inflammatory cell infiltration,and normalized vasodilation;and upregulated AQP3 expression(P＜0.05).The Shaoling Formula decoction group exhibited reduced PASI scores(P＜0.01);and increased SCH(P＜0.05);decreased levels of IL-6,IL-17A,IL-22 and IL-23 in skin lesions(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Notably,the emulsion group exhibited higher AQP3 protein expression than the decoction group(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION Shaoling Formula emulsion outperforms its decoction in restoring epidermal barrier function in psoriatic mice.This superiority is mechanistically linked to enhanced AQP3 protein expression and improved SCH.

Objective To verify the efficacy of a domestic human DNA quantification kit based on real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR in detecting the total human DNA concentration,male DNA concen-tration in mixed male/female DNA samples,the degree of DNA degradation and inhibitor tolerance.Methods Samples with different concentrations,different male/female ratios,different concentrations of inhibitors,and different degradation degrees were tested using the domestic human DNA quantification kit based on real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.This kit was compared with a similar product on the market and was applied to the detection of DNA from real cases.Results This human DNA quan-tification kit can effectively detect human DNA as low as 0.001 65 ng/μL,and 6.25 pg/μL of male DNA in mixed samples with a male-to-female ratio of 1∶15 000.Even when the sample contains as high as 400 ng/μL of humic acid or 1 000 μmol/L of hemin alone,the DNA concentration can still be accurately detected.The degradation index can effectively characterize the degradation degree of the sample.This kit has been successfully applied in forensic practice.Conclusion This human DNA quan-tification kit is accurate and reliable in detection.It can accurately reflect the degradation of DNA and inhibitor tolerance.It has good performance in quantitative accuracy,determination of the male/female ratio in mixed samples,and inhibitor tolerance.It has application potential in forensic case examination.

Objective:To investigate the association of cumulative resting heart rate(cumRHR)exposure with cardi-ovascular disease(CVD)risk and accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly.Methods:This prospec-tive study enrolled 336 elderly physical examinees from Cangzhou People's Hospital between March and October 2016.Resting heart rate(RHR)measured by electrocardiogram was collected during three consecutive health check-ups at 2-year intervals to calculate cumRHR.Six common cardiovascular risk factors were recorded,including smoking,alcohol consumption,hypertension,diabetes,hyperuricemia,and dyslipidemia.A three-year follow-up commenced after the third health check-up,with incident CVD(including coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke)as the endpoint event.The association between cumRHR and CVD risk was assessed using a Logistic regres-sion model,with subgroup analysis stratified by gender.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to examine the association of cumRHR with the number of accumulated cardiovascular risk factors.Results:During follow-up,21 participants occurred incident CVD.Compared to participants in the no CVD group,those in CVD group had sig-nificant higher proportions of smoking(47.6％vs.20.3％,P=0.003),hypertension(61.9％vs.35.9％,P=0.017),diabetes(38.1％vs.19.1％,P=0.035),hyperuricemia(38.1％vs.13.0％,P=0.002),dyslipidemia(71.4％vs.41.9％,P=0.008)and cumRHR[(349.90±30.24)bpm*year vs.(290.77±32.43)bpm*year,P＜0.001].After adjusting for confounding factors,multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that cumRHR was still an independent risk factor of incident CVD(OR 1.05,95％CI 1.03～1.07,P＜0.001).This association remained in subgroup analysis stratified by gender in both males and females(OR 1.05,95％CI 1.03～1.07 and OR 1.06,95％CI 1.03～1.09,respectively,P＜0.001 both).Spearman correlation analysis detected a positive correla-tion between cumRHR and number of accumulated cardiovascular risk factors≥3(r=0.459,P＜0.001).Conclu-sion:Higher cumRHR is associated with an increased risk of CVD,and there is a significant positive correlation be-tween the number of accumulated cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of elevated cumRHR.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines utilizes the advantages of machine learning algorithms to discern key determinants in prognosticate postoperative circulatory complications (PCCs) for older patients. METHODS: This secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial involved 1,720 elderly participants in five tertiary hospitals in Beijing, China. Participants aged 60-90 years undergoing major non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia. The primary outcome metric of the study was the occurrence of PCCs, according to the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Anaesthesiology diagnostic criteria. The analysis metrics contained 67 candidate variables, including baseline characteristics, laboratory tests, and scale assessments. RESULTS: Our feature selection process identified key variables that significantly impact patient outcomes, including the duration of ICU stay, surgery, and anesthesia; APACHE-II score; intraoperative average heart rate and blood loss; cumulative opioid use during surgery; patient age; VAS-Move-Median score on the 1st to 3rd day; Charlson comorbidity score; volumes of intraoperative plasma, crystalloid, and colloid fluids; cumulative red blood cell transfusion during surgery; and endotracheal intubation duration. Notably, our Random Forest model demonstrated exceptional performance with an accuracy of 0.9872. CONCLUSION We have developed and validated an algorithm for predicting PCCs in elderly patients by identifying key risk factors.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology* ; Machine Learning ; Postoperative Complications/etiology* ; Risk Factors ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Secondary Data Analysis

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the patterns of fasting blood glucose (FBG) trajectories and analyze the relationship between various occupational hazard factors and FBG trajectories in male steelworkers. METHODS: The study cohort included 3,728 workers who met the selection criteria for the Tanggang Occupational Cohort (TGOC) between 2017 and 2022. A group-based trajectory model was used to identify the FBG trajectories. Environmental risk scores (ERS) were constructed using regression coefficients from the occupational hazard model as weights. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the effects of occupational hazard factors using the ERS on FBG trajectories. RESULTS: FBG trajectories were categorized into three groups. An association was observed between high temperature, noise exposure, and FBG trajectory ( P < 0.05). Using the first quartile group of ERS1 as a reference, the fourth quartile group of ERS1 had an increased risk of medium and high FBG by 1.90 and 2.21 times, respectively (odds ratio [ OR] = 1.90, 95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.17-3.10; OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.09-4.45). CONCLUSION An association was observed between occupational hazards based on ERS and FBG trajectories. The risk of FBG trajectory levels increase with an increase in ERS.
Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; China ; Prospective Studies ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects* ; Risk Factors ; Middle Aged ; Steel ; Fasting/blood* ; Metal Workers ; East Asian People

AIM To compare the effects of Shaoling Formula emulsion versus its decoction on epidermal barrier function in a psoriasis mouse model.METHODS The Shaoling Formula emulsion was prepared by emulsification,whereas the decoction was produced by aqueous extraction.A psoriasis-like mouse model was established by topical application of 5％imiquimod cream(50 mg).The mice were randomly assigned to normal control,model control,Shaoling Formula emulsion group(13.26 g/kg),Shaoling Formula decoction group(13.26 g/kg),blank emulsion group,and positive control group(calcipotriol betamethasone ointment group,2.5 g/kg).After treatment for six consecutive days,the mice had their severity of skin lesions assessed with psoriasis area and severity index(PASI)scoring.Upon the completion of the treatment,the mice had transepidermal water loss(TEWL)and stratum corneum hydration(SCH)determined by the GPSkin Barrier;their histopathological changes in skin lesions observed using HE staining;their levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-17A,IL-22,and IL-23 in lesions detected by ELISA;and their Aquaporin 3(AQP3)expression analyzed by Western blot.RESULTS Compared to the model group,both the Shaoling Formula emulsion and positive control group demonstrated significant reductions in PASI scores(P＜0.01)and increased SCH(P＜0.01);decreased serum levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-17A,IL-22 and IL-23(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);histopathological improvements including attenuated parakeratosis/hyperkeratosis,reduced acanthosis,diminished dermal inflammatory cell infiltration,and normalized vasodilation;and upregulated AQP3 expression(P＜0.05).The Shaoling Formula decoction group exhibited reduced PASI scores(P＜0.01);and increased SCH(P＜0.05);decreased levels of IL-6,IL-17A,IL-22 and IL-23 in skin lesions(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Notably,the emulsion group exhibited higher AQP3 protein expression than the decoction group(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION Shaoling Formula emulsion outperforms its decoction in restoring epidermal barrier function in psoriatic mice.This superiority is mechanistically linked to enhanced AQP3 protein expression and improved SCH.

Aim To investigate the effects of Mdivi-1 on A1 astrocyte activation and its associated signaling molecules.Methods CTX-TNA2 astrocytes were di-vided into the control,ACM,and low-,medium-,and high-dose Mdivi-1 groups based on concentration screening via CCK-8 assay.ACM,a DMEM high-glu-cose medium containing preset concentrations of IL-1α,TNF-α,and C1q,was used to induce A1 activa-tion.The ACM group was stimulated with ACM for 24 hours.Mdivi-1 groups were pretreated with correspond-ing concentrations of Mdivi-1 for 2 hours,followed by ACM stimulation for 24 hours.Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were employed to assess mRNA levels and protein expression of IL-1β,C3,and iNOS in all groups.Immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to detect the expression of signaling molecules NLRP3,caspase-1,and ASC.DHE labeling was used to assess and flow cytometry was used to examine reac-tive oxygen species(ROS)levels.Results The CCK-8 assay identified 5,10,and 25 μmol·L-1as ap-propriate concentrations for Mdivi-1 intervention in CTX-TNA2 cells.Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot results indicated that,compared to the control group,IL-1 β,C3,and iNOS mRNA levels and protein expression were significantly elevated in the ACM group(P＜0.05).In contrast,these levels were significantly reduced in the 10 and 25 μmnol·L-1 Mdi-vi-1 groups compared to the ACM group(P＜0.05).Immunofluorescence and Western blot results confirmed that ACM stimulation significantly activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in astrocytes,while Mdivi-1 intervention effectively reversed the ACM-induced upregulation of NLRP3,caspase-1,and ASC.DHE staining results demonstrated that 5,10,and 25 μmol·L-1Mdivi-1 in-terventions partially reversed the ACM-induced in-crease in ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion Mdivi-1 effectively inhibits A1 astrocyte activation,potentially through modulation of ROS and the NLRP3 inflammasomes.

Aim To investigating the effects and mech-anisms of chlorogenic acid(CGA)on neutrophil(NEU)function and the formation of neutrophil extra-cellular traps(NETs).Methods NEU was isolated and purified from mouse bone marrow by using density gradient centrifugation method;NEU were cultivated with CGA,and the suitable concentration of CGA with NEU were explored through CCK-8 method;To observ-ing the impact of CGA on the function of NEU,we measured the migration ability of NEU,and the levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO),neutrophil elastase(NE),and matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9);The histone H3 of NETs and the DNA skeleton of NEU were stained with immunofluorescence,and the cell-free DNA(cf-DNA)released by NEU was detected to ob-serve the structure of NETs;In addition,the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)were also examined to determine whether CGA affects the production of ROS during the release of NETs from NEU.Results There was a significant inhibitory effect on the activity of NEU at a concentration of 100,200,400 μmol·L-1 of CGA(P＜0.01);When compared with the blank group,the effects of CGA(100,200,400 μmol·L-1)on the migration ability of NEU and the ability to se-crete MPO,NE,and MMP-9 were increased(P＜0.05),the release of histone H3,DNA backbone and cf-DNA was significantly increased(P＜0.01),and the ROS produced by the cells was also significantly in-creased(P＜0.01).And the above effects are concen-tration-dependent within a certain range.Conclusion CGA can enhance the function of NEU and promote the formation of NETs,which may be related to the in-crease of intracellular ROS levels.

Objective:To investigate the association of cumulative resting heart rate(cumRHR)exposure with cardi-ovascular disease(CVD)risk and accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly.Methods:This prospec-tive study enrolled 336 elderly physical examinees from Cangzhou People's Hospital between March and October 2016.Resting heart rate(RHR)measured by electrocardiogram was collected during three consecutive health check-ups at 2-year intervals to calculate cumRHR.Six common cardiovascular risk factors were recorded,including smoking,alcohol consumption,hypertension,diabetes,hyperuricemia,and dyslipidemia.A three-year follow-up commenced after the third health check-up,with incident CVD(including coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke)as the endpoint event.The association between cumRHR and CVD risk was assessed using a Logistic regres-sion model,with subgroup analysis stratified by gender.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to examine the association of cumRHR with the number of accumulated cardiovascular risk factors.Results:During follow-up,21 participants occurred incident CVD.Compared to participants in the no CVD group,those in CVD group had sig-nificant higher proportions of smoking(47.6％vs.20.3％,P=0.003),hypertension(61.9％vs.35.9％,P=0.017),diabetes(38.1％vs.19.1％,P=0.035),hyperuricemia(38.1％vs.13.0％,P=0.002),dyslipidemia(71.4％vs.41.9％,P=0.008)and cumRHR[(349.90±30.24)bpm*year vs.(290.77±32.43)bpm*year,P＜0.001].After adjusting for confounding factors,multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that cumRHR was still an independent risk factor of incident CVD(OR 1.05,95％CI 1.03～1.07,P＜0.001).This association remained in subgroup analysis stratified by gender in both males and females(OR 1.05,95％CI 1.03～1.07 and OR 1.06,95％CI 1.03～1.09,respectively,P＜0.001 both).Spearman correlation analysis detected a positive correla-tion between cumRHR and number of accumulated cardiovascular risk factors≥3(r=0.459,P＜0.001).Conclu-sion:Higher cumRHR is associated with an increased risk of CVD,and there is a significant positive correlation be-tween the number of accumulated cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of elevated cumRHR.