Human health has been severely threatened by malignant tumors continuously.Rational and effective drug use provides an effective means for the treatment of malignant tumors,and is expected to become an important way to solve the problem of tumor treatment in the future.In recent years,with the escalation of new cancer theories and the emergence of clinical drug resistance,innovative research and development of anti-cancer drugs has always been a hot spot and focus in cancer research.Among them,the discovery of novel anti-cancer drugs from natural compound is of top priority due to its strong anti-cancer efficacy and the abundant drug resources.Therefore,it is imperative to systematically summarize the cutting-edge advancements of the natural products and their potential pharmacological mechanisms according to the characteristics of tumor progression,and put forward the new directions and trends for further development of anti-cancer natural products in the future.Specifically,the research advancements on anti-cancer effect of natural products were reviewed,focusing on both the traditional and innovative application.We hope this review could bring the light on the research path of the natural anti-cancer products clearly and comprehensively,and also provide inspirations for innovative,safer and more effective anti-cancer drug development and exploration.
Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Biological Products ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Research

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the influence of Rce1 on invasion and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by silencing the Rce1 gene with RNA interference. METHODS: The tongue squamous cell carcinoma Cal-27 and SCC-4 cells were cultured in vitro. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) of the Rce1 gene was designed, and the Rcel gene expression was silenced vialiposome transfection. According to the siRNA transfected by liposome, the experimental group was divided into three groups, namely, Rce1-siRNA-1, Rce1-siRNA-2, and Rce1-siRNA-3 groups. Negative control group was transfected by siCON, and the blank control group was untransfected by siRNA. The Rce1, RhoA, and K-Ras gene expression levels in each group were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The Rce1, RhoA, K-Ras, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein expression levels were analyzed by Western blot. The invasiveness of tongue cancer cell Cal-27 and SCC-4 were determined by Transwell invasion assay, and cell migration assay was performed by cell scratch assay. RESULTS: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot results showed that compared with the negative and blank control groups, the Rce1 gene and protein expression levels in three experimental groups decreased (P<0.05). The RhoA, K-Ras gene and protein expression levels were insignificantly different among groups (P>0.05). Meanwhile, the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression levels decreased (P<0.05). Transwell invasion assay results showed that the total number of cells in the PET film of the experimental groups was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). The cell scratch test showed that the cell closure time of the scratch in the interference group was significantly longer than those in the control and blank groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Silencing Rce1 in vitro can effectively downregulate its expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells Cal-27 and SCC-4 and reduce the migration and invasion abilities of these cells.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Endopeptidases ; metabolism ; Humans ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Tongue Neoplasms ; metabolism ; therapy ; Transfection

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used to lessen symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the effects of PPI therapy on the gastrointestinal microbiota in GERD patients remain unclear. We examined the association between the PPI usage and the microbiota present in gastric mucosal and fecal samples from GERD patients and healthy controls (HCs) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. GERD patients taking PPIs were further divided into short-term and long-term PPI user groups. We showed that PPI administration lowered the relative bacterial diversity of the gastric microbiota in GERD patients. Compared to the non-PPI-user and HC groups, higher abundances of Planococcaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, and Sphingomonadaceae were found in the gastric microbiota from the PPI-user group. In addition, the Methylophilus genus was more highly abundant in the long-term PPI user group than in the short-term PPI-user group. Despite the absence of differences in alpha diversity, there were significant differences in the fecal bacterial composition of between GERD patients taking PPIs and those not taking PPIs. There was a higher abundance of Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Micrococcaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae present in the fecal microbiota from the PPI-user group than those from the non-PPI-user and HC groups. Additionally, a significantly higher abundance of Ruminococcus was found in GERD patients on long-term PPI medication than that on short-term PPI medication. Our study indicates that PPI administration in patients with GERD has a significant effect on the abundance and structure of the gastric mucosal microbiota but only on the composition of the fecal microbiota.
Adult ; Aged ; Bacteria ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Feces ; microbiology ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; microbiology ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Microbiota ; Middle Aged ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; genetics

This paper was mainly to discuss the potential role and mechanism of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules(LHQW) in inhibiting pathological inflammation in the model of acute lung injury caused by bacterial infection. For in vitro study, the mRNA expression of MCP-1 in RAW264.7 cells and THP-1 cells, the content of MCP-1 in cell supernatant, as well as the effect of LHQW on chemotaxis of macrophages were detected. For in vivo study, mice were randomly divided into 7 groups, including normal group, model group(LPS 5 mg·kg~(-1)), LHQW 300, 600 and 1 200 mg·kg~(-1)(low, middle and high dose) groups, dexamethasone 5 mg·kg~(-1) group and penicillin-streptomycin group. Then, the anal temperature was detected two hours later. Dry weight and wet weight of lung tissues in mice were determined; TNF-α and MCP-1 levels in alveolar lavage fluid and MCP-1 in serum were detected. In addition, the infiltration of alveolar macrophages was also observed and the infiltration count of alveolar macrophages was measured by CCK-8 method. HE staining was also used to observe the inflammatory infiltration of lung tissues in mice. Both of the in vitro and in vivo data consistently have confirmed that: by down-regulating the expression of MCP-1, LHWQ could efficiently decrease the chemotaxis of monocytes toward the pulmonary infection foci, thus blocking the disease development in ALI animal model.
Acute Lung Injury ; microbiology ; Animals ; Bacterial Infections ; drug therapy ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Capsules ; Chemokine CCL2 ; metabolism ; Chemotaxis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Lung ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; Mice ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Random Allocation ; THP-1 Cells ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of SOX4 gene in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its correlation with clinical features and prognosis, and to explore the role of this gene in acute myeloid leukemia. METHODS: The real-time guantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of SOX4 gene in bone marrow of 96 patients with newby diagmsed AML, and the features and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS: The level of SOX4 expression in the 96 AML patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (P<0.01), and the expression of SOX4 gene was not significanly different between M1-M5 (P<0.05). The expression of SOX4 gene was no significanly different between different sex, nationality, and remission after chemotherapy (P>0.05). In AML patients the SOX4 gene expression level did not significantly correlated with the white blood cell count, hemoglobin level, platelet count primitive cell count, reticulocyte count and other laboratory indexes ( P>0.05), while which correlated with the overall survival (OS) (P<0.01) and erent-free survival (EFS) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The high expression of SOX4 gene affects the survival time of patients (OS, EFS), suggesting that may be one of the unfavorable prognostic factors for the AML patients.
Bone Marrow ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Leukocyte Count ; Prognosis ; SOXC Transcription Factors ; genetics ; metabolism

In the background of the high incidence and high mortality of cardiovascular diseases,atherosclerosis is the main pathological feature of cardiovascular diseases and the core pathological basis for disease progression. In the evolution of atherosclerotic plaques,the rupture of unstable plaques,plaque shedding and formation of thrombosis are the most dangerous parts. In this process,the formation of plaque fibrosis is the core mechanism regulating plaque stability. Additionally,fibrosis reflects dynamic changes in the inflammatory processes and pathological changes. In view of the inflammation regulation and fibrosis regulation,this paper clarified the process of atherosclerotic plaque,explained the roles of relevant inflammatory cells and cytokines in plaque stability,and summed up drug researches related with stable plaque in recent years. In the future,improving the fibrosis will be a new idea for stabilizing plaque in atherosclerosis drug development.
Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Cytokines ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Thrombosis ; drug therapy ; pathology

<Objective: To investigate the protective effect of phenolic compounds 4-hydroxybenzylideneacetone and (HBAc)3,4-dihydroxybenzylideneacetone (DHBAc) of Osmundae Rhizoma on the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in mice by establishing the mice model of SIRS.Method: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the normal group,the SIRS model group and the different doses of HBAC and DHBAc group (25,50,100 μg·kg^-3).Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was injected intraperitoneally after 7 days of prophylactic administration.After 5 hours of modeling,the anus temperature,respiratory rate,the number of white blood cell (WBC) and platelets (PLT),WBC classification,glycolipid metabolism,inflammatory factor and signal transducing phosphorylated protein of lung were measured.Result: Intraperitoneal injection with LPS (6 mg·kg^-1) in mice can significantly reduce the respiratory rate (P<0.05) and the body temperature (P<0.01),decrease the number of WBC,PLT (P<0.01,P<0.01) and blood glucose (P<0.05),and increase the secretion of interleukin-1β(P<0.01).HBAC and DHBAC significantly increased the respiratory rate (P<0.05,P<0.01) and the body temperature (P<0.05,P<0.01) of mice,decreased MONO (P<0.05,P<0.01),and significantly increased the level of blood glucose (P<0.05,P<0.01),and decreased the secretion of interleukin-1β(P<0.01).Conclusion: The SIRS model can be established through intraperitoneal injection of LPS.HBAc and DHBAc have protective effects on endotoxin-induced SIRS in mice,and may exert anti-inflammatory effects through IκB and c-JUN pathways.

Objective:To study the effect of Shenlian extract (SL extract) on macrophage function and inflammatory resolution in lipid peroxidation inflammatory injury models. Method:The effects of different concentrations of SL extract (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg·L^-1) on the polarization type, foam formation and chemotactic function of macrophages were detected with RAW264.7 cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein(ox-LDL). Western blot was used to detect pro-inflammatory resolution factor arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase(ALOX5) and inducible inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), and phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) and phosphorylated IκK (p-IκK) in nuclear factor(NF)-κB related signaling pathways. Result:Compared with the control group, ox-LDL enhanced the expressions of M1 macrophage markers TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS (P<0.01), inhibited the expressions of IL-10 of M2 markers, promoted foam cell formation (P<0.01), induced THP-1 chemotaxis ability, increased the content of MCP-1 (P<0.01), and inhibited the expression of ALOX5.Compared with the model group, SL extract reduced the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS (P<0.01), increased the expression of IL-10 (P<0.05), and down-regulated the formation of foam of macrophages (P<0.01). In transwell assay, SL extract obviously decreased the MCP-1 secretion and the number of chemotaxis cells (P<0.01), and promoted the increase of the inflammatory resolution factor ALOX5.The phosphorylation of p65 and IκK was inhibited significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion:In the inflammatory damage model of lipid peroxidation, SL extract can regulate the polarization of macrophage, inhibit the chemotaxis and foaming of ox-LDL, increase the inflammatory resolution molecular expression, and improve the state of lipid peroxidation, which may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the function of autophagy in the process of PM2.5-induced apoptosis. Methods PM2.5 was obtained from Zhanjiang in 2016. Human lung adenocarcinoma cells H441 were treated with PM2.5 at different concentrations for different times. Cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay; Cell apoptosis was assessed by PI and Annexin V double staining and TUNEL assay. The expression of autophagy marker LC3Ⅱ, AKT and P-AKT protein was examined by Western blot ( WB). H441 cells were treated with PM2.5 following treatment with rapamycin or 3-MA. Cell viability was evaluated by trypan blue staining. Results Compared with the control group, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by PM2.5 at concentration of 100 μg/mL or more for 24 and 48 h. With the increase of PM2.5 concentration, the cells apoptotic rate significantly increased, the protein ex-pression of LC3Ⅱwas increased as well as the P-AKT was decreased; and the protein expression of LC3Ⅱwas in-creased significantly after AKT inhibitor treatment. Moreover, rapamycin decreased PM2.5-induced cell apoptosis, and 3-MA can promote PM2.5-induced cell apoptosis. Conclusions In H441 cells, PM2.5 activates autophagy by inhibiting activation of AKT pathway, and cell autophagy can mitigate PM2.5-induced apoptosis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of micro- dissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in the treatment of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) in patients with the history of secondary testicular injury.

METHODSTotally, 121 NOA patients with the history of secondary testicular injury underwent micro-TESE in our hospital from September 2014 to December 2017. We analyzed the correlation of the sperm retrieval rate with the causes of testicular injury and compared the outcomes of the ICSI cycles with the sperm retrieved from the NOA males by micro-TESE (the micro-TESE group) and those with the sperm ejaculated from severe oligospermia patients (sperm concentration <1×10⁶/ml, the ejaculate group). Comparisons were also made between the two groups in the female age, two-pronucleus (2PN) fertilization rate, transferrable embryos on day 3 (D3), D3 high- quality embryos, D14 blood HCG positive rate, embryo implantation rate, and clinical pregnancy rate.

RESULTSTesticular sperm were successfully retrieved by micro-TESE in 86.0% of the patients (104/121), of whom 98.4% had the history of orchitis, 75.5% had been treated surgically for cryptorchidism, and 63.6% had received chemo- or radiotherapy. No statistically significant differences were observed between the micro-TESE and ejaculate groups in the 2PN fertilization rate (59.4% vs 69.3%, P > 0.05), D14 blood HCG positive rate (44.6% vs 57.9%, P > 0.05), embryo implantation rate (31.8 %% vs 32.6%, P > 0.05) and clinical pregnancy rate (41.5% vs 48.7%, P > 0.05). However, the rate D3 transferrable embryos was significantly lower in the micro-TESE than in the ejaculate group (40.5% vs 52.2%,P < 0.05), and so was that of D3 high-quality embryos (32.5% vs 42.1%, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMicro-TESE can be applied as the first choice for NOA patients with the history of secondary testicular injury, but more effective strategies are to be explored for the improvement of ICSI outcomes with the sperm retrieved by micro- TESE.