INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is common in Singapore, with moderate to severe OSA affecting around 30% of residents. These consensus statements aim to provide scientifically grounded recommendations for the management of OSA, standar-dise the management of OSA in Singapore and promote multidisciplinary collaboration. METHOD: An expert panel, which was convened in 2024, identified several areas of OSA management that require guidance. The expert panel reviewed the current literature and developed consensus statements, which were later independently voted on using a 3-point Likert scale (agree, neutral or disagree). Consensus (total ratings of agree and neutral) was set a priori at ≥80% agreement. Any statement not reaching consensus was excluded. RESULTS: The final consensus included 49 statements that provide guidance on the screening, diagnosis and management of adults with OSA. Additionally, 23 statements on the screening, diagnosis and management of paediatric OSA achieved consensus. These 72 consensus statements considered not only the latest clinical evidence but also the benefits and harms, resource implications, feasibility, acceptability and equity impact of the recommendations. CONCLUSION The statements presented in this paper aim to guide clinicians based on the most updated evidence and collective expert opinion from sleep specialists in Singapore. These recommendations should augment clinical judgement rather than replace it. Management decisions should be individualised, taking into account the patient's clinical characteristics, as well as patient and caregiver concerns and preferences.
Humans ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis* ; Singapore ; Consensus ; Adult

Diterpenoid ferruginol is a key intermediate in biosynthesis of active ingredients such as tanshinone and carnosic acid.However, the traditional process of obtaining ferruginol from plants is often cumbersome and inefficient. In recent years, the increasingly developing gene editing technology has been gradually applied to the heterologous production of natural products, but the production of ferruginol in microbe is still very low, which has become an obstacle to the efficient biosynthesis of downstream chemicals, such as tanshinone. In this study, miltiradiene was produced by integrating the shortened diterpene synthase fusion protein,and the key genes in the MVA pathway were overexpressed to improve the yield of miltiradiene. Under the shake flask fermentation condition, the yield of miltiradiene reached about(113. 12±17. 4)mg·L~(-1). Subsequently, this study integrated the ferruginol synthase Sm CYP76AH1 and Sm CPR1 to reconstruct the ferruginol pathway and thereby realized the heterologous synthesis of ferruginol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The study selected the best ferruginol synthase(Il CYP76AH46) from different plants and optimized the expression of pathway genes through redox partner engineering to increase the yield of ferruginol. By increasing the copy number of diterpene synthase, CYP450, and CPR, the yield of ferruginol reached(370. 39± 21. 65) mg·L~(-1) in the shake flask, which was increased by 21. 57-fold compared with that when the initial ferruginol strain JMLT05 was used. Finally, 1 083. 51 mg·L~(-1) ferruginol was obtained by fed-batch fermentation, which is the highest yield of ferruginol from biosynthesis so far. This study provides not only research ideas for other metabolic engineering but also a platform for the construction of cell factories for downstream products.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics* ; Diterpenes/metabolism* ; Metabolic Engineering ; Fermentation ; Abietanes

To study the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of ethyl syringate(MD) on ulcerative colitis(UC), the MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation inhibition of RAW264.7 cells and HT-29 cells by different concentrations of MD(50, 100, 200, 400 μmol·L~(-1)). UC cell models were constructed by inducing RAW264.7 cells and HT-29 cells with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α). An animal model was established by inducing mice with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) to verify the therapeutic effect of MD on UC. A control group, a model group(LPS or TNF-α), and groups treated with different concentrations of MD(50, 100, 200, 400 μmol·L~(-1)) were set up in this study. Nitric oxide(NO) levels were measured using a NO detection kit. Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels were assessed using a laser confocal microscope and ROS kit. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect changes in the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), TNF-α, interferon-γ(INF-γ), interleukin-10(IL-10), and myeloperoxidase(MPO) in cells and animal tissues. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of phosphorylated Janus kinase 2(p-JAK2), Janus kinase 2(JAK2), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), zonula occludens-1(ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1 in cells and animal tissues. The results showed that MD can improve the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of NO and ROS and regulating the expression of inflammatory factors. It significantly reduced the disease activity index(DAI) in mice, improved the shortening of the colon, and repaired intestinal epithelial damage by inhibiting the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, thereby exerting anti-UC activity.
Animals ; Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced* ; Janus Kinase 2/genetics* ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics* ; Mice ; Humans ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Male ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism* ; HT29 Cells ; Salicylates/administration & dosage* ; Protective Agents/administration & dosage*

Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety of single and multiple oral azvudine tablets in healthy young and elderly Chinese subjects.Methods This was a open-label and parallel-group study.The trial consisted of two groups:healthy young subjects group and healthy elderly subjects group,with 12 subjects in each group.Enrolled subjects were first given a single dose,fasting oral azvudine tablet 5 mg,after a 3-day cleansing period entered the multiple dose phase,fasting oral azvudine tablet 5 mg·d-1 for 7 days.Results After a single dose of azvudine 5 mg,Cmax and AUC0-∞ were(4.76±2.12)ng·mL-1,(6.53±2.20)ng·mL-1·h,and Tmax,t1/2 were 0.75,1.87 h in young subjects;Cmax and AUC0-∞ were(6.40±3.25)ng·mL-1,(9.50±3.70)ng·mL-1·h,and Tmax,t1/2 were 0.63,2.66 h in elderly subjects.After a multiple dose of azvudine 5 mg·d-1 for 7 d,Cmax and AUC0-∞ were(3.26±1.61)ng·mL-1,(5.38±2.19)ng·mL-1·h,and Tmax,ss,t1/2,ss were 0.88,2.13 h in young subjects;Cmax,ss and AUC0-∞,ss were(3.97±2.09)ng·mL-1,(6.71±3.26)ng·mL-1·h,and Tmax,ss,t1/2,ss were 0.75,2.56 h in elderly subjects.Elderly/young geometric mean ratios and 90％CIs were 128.37％(88.23％-186.76％),139.93％(105.42％-185.72％),140.03％(106.33％-184.41％)for azvudine Cmax,AUC0-t,AUC0-∞ after a single dose,and were 118.66％(80.83％-174.20％),118.41％(83.60％-167.69％),118.95％(84.78％-166.89％)for azvudine Cmax,AUC0-t,AUC0_∞ after a multiple dose of azvudine 5 mg·d-1 for 7 d.Conclusion After single and multiple oral administration of azvudine tablets,systemic exposure to azvudine was higher in healthy elderly subjects compared with healthy young subjects.After taking azvudine tablets,the types,severity and incidence of adverse events and adverse drug reactions in healthy elderly people were not significantly different from those in healthy young subjects.Azvudine was found to be safe and well tolerated in healthy elderly subjects.

The occurrence and development of tumors are closely related to the body's immune function.It has been confirmed that immunotherapy plays a role in the treatment of various cancers.Some traditional Chinese medicines can control the growth and metastasis of tumors by enhancing anti-tumor immunity.Even in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,traditional Chinese medicine can exert anti-tumor effects by upregulating immune responses.Further research on the regulation of the immune mechanisms by traditional Chinese medicine will provide new insights into how traditional Chinese medicine controls tumor growth and metastasis and help improve its effectiveness in the clinical treatment of various cancers.This article aims to provide a theoretical reference for the role of immunoregulation in tumors,summarize its mechanisms in tumors,and traditional Chinese medicine intervention research in tumors for the prevention and treatment of tumors with traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between IGF2BP3 gene expression and prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia(AML).Methods:High throughput transcriptome sequencing was performed on bone marrow primary leukemia cells from 27 patients with AML in our center,the relationship between IGF2BP3 expression levels and clinical characteristics were analyzed and verify the samples from patients with newly treated AML and refractory AML.The expression level of IGF2BP3 gene were analyzed in 20 healthy subjects and 26 patients with AML.The expression of IGF2BP3 in two anthracycline-resistant cell lines(HL60/ADR,K562/ADR)was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot,and the expression difference of IGF2BP3 was compared with that in sensitive cells(HL60,K562).The relationship between the expression level of IGF2BP3 in patients with AML and prognostic were analyzed through data analysis of 746 patients with AML,and the prognostic value of IGF2BP3 in AML was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis.Results:In the bone marrow primary leukemia cells of 27 AML patients in our center,the expression level of IGF2BP3 in patients with refractory AML was significantly higher than that in chemotherapy sensitive patients(P=0.0343).The expression of IGF2BP3 in leukemia patients with extramedullary infiltration(EMI)was significantly higher than that in AML patients without extramedullary infiltration(P=0.0049).Compared with healthy subjects(n=20),IGF2BP3 expression in AML patients(n=26)was higher(P=0.0009).The expression of IGF2BP3 mRNA in the anthracycline resistant cell lines(HL60/ADR,K562/ADR)was significantly higher than that in the sensitive cell lines(K562/ADR vs K562,P=0.0430;HL60/ADR vs HL60,P=0.7369).Western blot results showed that the expression of IGF2BP3 protein in mycin resistant cells was significantly higher than that in sensitive cells(P＜0.001).qPCR results showed that the expression level of IGF2BP3 mRNA in refractory AML patients was significantly higher than that in patients with chemotherapy sensitive(P=0.002).High expression of IGF2BP3 was associated with poor prognosis in AML(P＜0.05)in 3 large sample cohorts of AML patients.Univariate and multivariate prognostic analyses demonstrated that high expression of IGF2BP3 was significantly associated with shorter event-free survival(EFS,HR=1.887,P=0.024)and overall survival(OS,HR=1.619,P=0.016).Conclusion:The high expression of IGF2BP3 gene may be an important factor in the poor prognosis of AML,suggesting that IGF2BP3 gene may be a new molecular marker for the clinical prognosis evaluation and treatment strategy of AML.

Objective:To evaluate the gene mutation profile and prognostic significance of adult cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) with CEBPA-bZIP mutation. Methods:Targeted sequencing was implemented on the diagnostic bone marrow DNA samples of 141 adult CN-AML subjects with CEBPA-bZIP mutation. The nomogram model for leukemia-free survival (LFS) rate was generated by combining genetic abnormalities and clinical data. Risk stratification was conducted based on prognostic variables and the effect of risk-adjusted consolidation therapy was investigated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results:Four variables were finally included in our nomogram model after multivariate Cox analysis,and an equation for risk score calculation was obtained,risk score=1.3002×white blood cell (WBC) (≥18.77×109/L)+1.4065×CSF3R mutation positive+2.6489×KMT2A mutation positive+1.0128×DNA methylation-related genes mutation positive. According to the nomogram model,patients were further divided into low-risk group (score=0,n=46) and high-risk group (score>0,n=95). Prognostic analysis showed that the 5-year LFS rate,5-year overall survival (OS) rate,and 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) of patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in the high-risk group were 93.5％,97.1％,and 3.5％,while those in patients who received maintenance chemotherapy were 32.9％,70.5％,and 63.4％,respectively. The differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Allo-HSCT could significantly improve the prognosis of patients in high-risk group. However,no corresponding benefit was observed in the low-risk group. Conclusion:Adult CN-AML with CEBPA-bZIP mutation has a complex co-mutation pattern. The nomogram model based on mutations of CFS3R,KMT2A and DNA methylation-related genes together with WBC count can further divide this subset of patients into a relatively low-risk group and a relatively high-risk group. For individuals in the high-risk group,allo-HSCT is proposed as post-remission therapy. The above data will benefit the prognosis estimation and treatment decision for adult CN-AML with CEBPA-bZIP mutation.

Aim To explore the effects of Huannao Yicong decoction(HYD)on the learning and memory ability and brain iron metabolism in APP/PS1 mice and the correlation of HAMP knockout mice and APP/PS1 double transgenic model mice.Methods The ex-periment was divided into five groups,namely,HAMP-/-group(6-month HAMP gene knockout mice),APP/PS1 group(6-month APP/PS1-double-transgenic mice),HAMP-/-+HYD,APP/PS1+HYD,and negative control group(6-month C57BL/6J mice),with six mice in each group.The dose was ad-ministered(13.68 g·kg-1 weight),and the other groups received distilled water for gavage once a day for two months.After the administration of the drug,the mice in each group were tested for learning and memory in the Morris water maze;Biochemical detec-tion was performed to detect iron ion content in each mouse brain;Western blot and RT-qPCR were carried out to analyze hippocampal transferrin(TF),transfer-rin receptor1(TFR1),membrane iron transporter1(FPN1)divalent metal ion transporter 1(DMT1)and β-amyloid protein(Aβ)protein and mRNA expression levels in each group.Results Compared with the normal group,both HAMP-/-mice and APP/PS1 mice had reduced the learning and memory capacity,in-creased iron content in brain tissue,Aβ protein ex-pression increased in hippocampus of HAMP-/-group and APP/PS1 group mice(P＜0.01),the protein and mRNA expression of TF,TFR1 and DMT1 increased in hippocampal tissues of HAMP-/-and APP/PS1 groups(P＜0.01),and the FPN1 protein and mRNA expres-sion decreased(P＜0.01).Compared with the HAMP-and APP/PS1 groups,respectively,HAMP-/-+HYD group and APP/PS1+HYD group had improved learning and memory ability,decreased iron content,decreased Aβ protein expression(P＜0.01),decreased TF,TFR1,DMT1 protein and mR-NA expression(P＜0.01),and increased expression of FPN1 protein and mRNA(P＜0.01).Conclusions There is some association between HAMP-/-mice and APP/PS1 mice,HYD can improve the learning and memory ability of HAMP-/-and APP/PS1 mice and reduce the Aβ deposition.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of TF,TFR1,DMT1,FPN1 expression and improving brain iron overload.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a neurovascular disease caused by the neurovascular unit(NVU)impairment. Immune imbalance and inflammation are key factors that affect the normal function of NVU and lead to the progression of DR. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome is indicated as an important component of the inflammatory response, and it can identify endogenous danger signals, leading to the activation of caspase-1 and then activating a series of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. Early activation of inflammasome maintains and promotes innate immunity against bacterial and viral infections, while excessive inflammasome activation results in excessive expression and ongoing action of inflammatory proteins, which in turn triggers off immune disorders and an inflammatory cascade that seriously harms the body. This review summarizes the recent research progress on the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome in NVU impairment of DR, including the related drugs targeting NLRP3 pathways.

We constructed and optimized the plasmid DNA (pDNA) Opt-S encoding the gene of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein, using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA) as a delivery carrier for pDNA. PLGA-pDNA NPs were loaded by nanoprecipitation and its properties in vitro were preliminary evaluated. The results showed that the prepared PLGA-pDNA NPs were regular morphology, clear edges, with an average particle size of (184.2 ± 2.4) nm, polydisperse index (PDI) of 0.093 ± 0.013, zeta potential of (-68.10 ± 0.36) mV, and encapsulation rate of (98.92 ± 0.22)%. The PLGA-pDNA NPs were stable at -20 ℃ for 7 months and could protect pDNA against nuclease degradation. And they also exhibited sustained release of pDNA in vitro. The PLGA-pDNA NPs have low cytotoxicity and high safety. In addition, in vitro transfection experiments showed that the SARS-CoV-2 S gene could enter cells and be expressed. These results indicate that PLGA-pDNA NPs non-viral gene vector have simple preparation process and good performance, which are expected to provide a new idea for the research and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.