In the period of digital transformation of the medical service model， maintaining algorithm justice for medical artificial intelligence possesses multiple value implications. However， practical dilemmas exist at different stages of achieving this value goal. At the initial stage of diagnosis and treatment decision-making， there is a risk of imbalance in patients’ rights and interests， such as weakened effectiveness of patients’ right to informed consent， as well as low synergy between rights and interests protection and technological innovation. In the process of diagnosis and treatment decision-making， the algorithmic model is constrained by the technological bottleneck in the underlying application， deviating from the legal track of technological neutrality. After the diagnosis and treatment decision-making is generated， it triggers a crisis in the remedy of patients’ rights and interests and breeds the phenomenon of an ambiguous definition of subject qualification and attribution principle. In this regard， it is essential to establish a preemptive safeguard system focusing on the protection of patients’ rights and interests， set technological fairness standards， and shape review norms of technological neutrality. The aim is to ensure the equalization of remedy channels for patients’ rights and interests， promote the fairness in the proportion of responsibilities among multiple subjects， and thereby safeguard the digital justice in the field of intelligent diagnosis and treatments.

Generative artificial intelligence （AI）， particularly the ChatGPT series， has great application potential in the medical field. Several products have been introduced into the market， triggering widespread attention across society. Although medical ChatGPT has numerous advantages， its internal technical flaws based on algorithms， data， and platforms may bring about representative external application dilemmas， such as the allocation of legal liability， medical ethical disputes， medical dispute handling， and intellectual property protection. However， China’s current legal norms may not be able to address these issues effectively. To effectively address these contradictions， it is necessary to govern its internal technical flaws through the concept of good governance and to regulate its external application challenges based on the principles of fairness， accountability， remedy， and phased implementation.

The innovative application of blockchain technology in the medical field provides new momentum for the governance of personal health information while there are many legal obstacles. Currently, the dominant control of personal health information on the chain was ambiguous, the integrity of the protection mechanism was lacking, the coordination of technology and law co-management was insufficient, and the sustainability of the governance mechanism was weakened. These problems not only seriously constrained the full play of technical potential, but also directly threatened patients′ privacy rights and interests and health information security. In order to realize the interactive integration of medical blockchain and personal health information governance mechanism, China should strengthen the individual dominant control of the subject of health information, improve the laws and regulations of personal health information protection, optimize the mechanism of technical and legal synergy of personal health information protection, and build a credible and shared personal health information governance system.

The innovative application of blockchain technology in the medical field provides new momentum for the governance of personal health information while there are many legal obstacles. Currently, the dominant control of personal health information on the chain was ambiguous, the integrity of the protection mechanism was lacking, the coordination of technology and law co-management was insufficient, and the sustainability of the governance mechanism was weakened. These problems not only seriously constrained the full play of technical potential, but also directly threatened patients′ privacy rights and interests and health information security. In order to realize the interactive integration of medical blockchain and personal health information governance mechanism, China should strengthen the individual dominant control of the subject of health information, improve the laws and regulations of personal health information protection, optimize the mechanism of technical and legal synergy of personal health information protection, and build a credible and shared personal health information governance system.

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has special advantages and independent value in fighting major epidemics such as emerging infectious diseases. To exert the efficacy of TCM in the field of public health emergency management， it is necessary to clarify the necessity and analyze the obstacles， hidden dangers， and ethical risks of integrating TCM into the public health emergency management system. By optimizing the legal system of integrating TCM into the public health emergency management system， improving the construction of system and mechanism of health emergency management for preventing and controlling major epidemics with TCM， enhancing the strength of clinical scientific research technology of TCM in preventing and controlling epidemics， strengthening the discipline education of TCM and the construction of the talent team， based on the background of combining Chinese and Western medicine， the integration of TCM into the national public health emergency management system can be promoted.

Major infectious disease epidemic continues to pose a threat to human health and society, and the effective establishment and implementation of an early warning system plays a key role in addressing public health security risks. At present, the research on early warning of infectious diseases in the academic community mainly focuses on early warning information system, early warning mechanism, laws and regulations of early warning of infectious diseases, and some studies lack specific suggestions on operation methods. By collating and summarizing the literature from 2002 to 2022, regarding the early warning system and mechanism of major infectious diseases, this paper focused on analyzing the public health ethical dilemmas existing in the early warning process and discussing how to strengthen the construction of the early warning system of infectious diseases, so as to lay the foundation for creating more scientific early warning schemes of infectious diseases.

The use of digital means has made the public health emergency management more efficient and convenient. However, in the practice of managing public health emergencies, there are dilemmas in the protection of personal health information, such as the imperfect legal system, the weakened right of informed consent and control, the lack of reasonable norms in the collection and use of information, and the disclosure of personal health information. To solve the dilemma of personal health information protection, it is necessary to improve the corresponding legal mechanism, strengthen the classification of health information, standardize the behavior of health information collection and use, enhance the technical support of personal health information protection, build a system combining law and technology, and protect the security of personal health information.

OBJECTIVE To sort out and analyze the legal provisions concerning the off-label drug use in the newly revised Law on Doctors of the People’s Republic of China, and to provides reference for the construction of the legal mechanism of the off-label drug use which is suitable for China’s national conditions.METHODS Analyzed the current situation of the legislation on the off-label drug use, analyzed the difficulties of legal governance in the clinical application of off-label drug use in China, and drawn lessons from the legal system on the off-label drug use in the United States, and put forward the corresponding measures to solve the problem. RESULTS Relevant legislation needed to be improved urgently, evidence-based medicine system research was insufficient, patients’ informed consent right was not fully implemented, risk control measures for ultra manual drugs were not complete, and clinical drug management was not strict. These were the legal and practical difficulties that China faces in the clinical application of ultra manual drugs. CONCLUSION To address the legal dilemma of off-label drug use in clinical application in China, multiple approaches need to be taken to build up related legal governance mechanism. Including the completion of legislation, construction of evidence-based medical evidence system, insurance of patients’ right to informed consent, completion of the risk prevention mechanism of off-label drug use, and the improvement of the supervision mechanism of off-label drug use, etc.

Artificial intelligence algorithms play an important role in the medical field with their unique technological advantages and operational logic. However, due to the " black box" nature and security flaws of artificial intelligence algorithms, there were problems in the application of intelligent medical algorithms, such as the alienation of medical personnel′s subject status, the alienation of right to informed consent for diagnosis and treatment, the alienation of health fairness, and the alienation of health information security. At the same time, there were some practical difficulties in the process of regulating risks, such as the difficulty in determining the responsibility of the legal person, the incompleteness of the causal chain, the lag of the scene regulation of laws and regulations, and the increasing difficulty in protecting health information. In order to prevent the alienation of power in medical intelligent algorithms and promote the healthy development of intelligent medicine, the author suggested to adhere to the embedding of tool attributes in the underlying logic of medical algorithms, enhance the interpretability of medical algorithms, improve relevant laws and regulations, and strengthen the risk supervision mechanism of intelligent medical algorithms.

Blockchain technology, based on its own characteristics of on-chain information that non-deletable, overlay modification and traceability, plays a unique advantage in the early warning of major infectious diseases. However, in practical applications, the construction of early warning mechanism for major infectious diseases faces ethical problems caused by dilemmas, such as community epidemic prevention, medical data sharing, public opinion supervision, itinerary supervision, and traceability of medical supplies. Therefore, it is significant to give full play to the advantages of blockchain technology, empower the early warning mechanism of major infectious diseases, and improve the quality and effect of early warning of infectious diseases.