Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.

Objective The occurrence of chickenpox in rapidly developing areas poses substantial seasonal risk to children.However,certain factors influencing local chickenpox outbreaks have not been studied.Here,we examined the relationship between spatial clustering,heterogeneity of chickenpox outbreaks,and socioeconomic factors in Southern China. Methods We assessed chickenpox outbreak data from Southern China between 2006 and 2021,comprising both relatively fast-growing parts and slower sub-regions,and provides a representative sample of many developing regions.We analyzed the spatial clustering attributes associated with chickenpox outbreaks using Moran's I and local indicators of spatial association and quantified their socioeconomic determinants using Geodetector q statistics. Results There were significant spatial heterogeneity in the risk of chickenpox outbreaks,with strong correlations between chickenpox risk and various factors,particularly demographics and living environment.Furthermore,interactive effects among specific are factors,such as population density and per capita residential building area,percentage of households with toilets,percentage of rental housing,exhibited q statistics of 0.28,0.25,and 0.24,respectively. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of chickenpox outbreaks in rapidly developing regions,revealing the socioeconomic factors affecting disease transmission.These implications extend the formulation of effective public health strategies and interventions to prevent and control chickenpox outbreaks in similar global contexts.

Objective:To explore the effects of body mass index (BMI) on the incidence of nocturnal hypertension in patients with hypertension.Methods:Totally 341 hospitalized hypertensive patients treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from February to May 2023 were selected by convenience sampling. Patients' general information, clinical data, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure results were collected. A binomial Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence of nocturnal hypertension in these patients. The relationship between BMI and the incidence of nocturnal hypertension was examined using threshold effect tests and smooth curve fitting.Results:The binomial Logistic regression analysis indicated that blood phosphate level was a factor influencing the occurrence of nocturnal hypertension in hypertensive patients ( P<0.05). Smooth curve fitting and threshold effect test results showed that the relationship between BMI and the incidence of nocturnal hypertension was curve-correlated, with a turning point at 24.61 kg/m 2. To the left of the turning point, there was no correlation ( P=0.130) ; to the right, there was a correlation ( P=0.016) . Conclusions:When the BMI of hypertensive patients exceeds 24.61 kg/m 2, the likelihood of nocturnal hypertension increases with rising BMI, providing a precise intervention target for weight management-based patient care in hypertension.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of Sanguisorbae Radix(SR)in the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC).Methods Using the GSE92415 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database,we analyzed differentially expressed genes and carried out weighted gene correlation network analysis and FerrDb analysis.Core genes were identified through protein-protein interaction(PPI)network and correlation analysis.UC mouse model induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)was constructed and treated with SR via intragastric administration for 9 days.Disease activity index(DAI)and colon length were recorded.Pathological changes in colon tissue were observed using the HE staining.Levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Lipid peroxidantion factors such as malondialdehyde(MDA)and glutathione(GSH)were detected using biochemical test kits.Protein expression levels of zonula occludens protein-1(ZO-1)tight junction protein,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARG),solute carrier family 7 member 11(SCL7A11),and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)were examined by Western blot or immunofluorescence labeling.Results Nine differentially expressed genes associated with ferroptosis were screened and PPARG was identified as a key gene.Correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between PPARG and ferroptosis.Subsequently,the potential mechanism of SR in improving UC in mice was discussed according to the bioinformatics screening results.The experimental results demonstrated that SR significantly reduced the DAI,prevented colon shortening and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function in the colon.SR decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels,MDA content and GSH levels in colon tissues.SR also enhanced the expression of PPARG,SLC7A11 and GPX4,which reversed the effect of DSS in mice with colitis.Conclusions Ferroptosis is closely related to UC.SR can inhibit ferroptosis by regulating PPARG and SCL7A11/GPX4 expression,thereby improving colon epithelial injury and dysfunction in UC mice.This provides ideas and directions for UC treatment strategies.

Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of low negative pressure fat suction combined with bipolar radiofrequency in repairing facial fat overfilling.Methods:A total of 29 patients with facial fat overfilling underwent low negative pressure fat suction combined with bipolar radiofrequency between February 2022 and October 2023 in Changsha My Like Medical Cosmetology Hospital. All patients were female. The mean age was 35.7 years (range, 25-51 years) and the mean body mass index was 20.3 (range, 16.8-24.3 kg/cm 2). The mean time after autologous fat transplantation was 53.4 months (range, 19-96 months). Postoperative patient satisfaction surveys were conducted, and 2 independent doctors evaluated clinical effect preoperative and postoperative photographs at 3-6 months postoperatively. Results:There were 29 cases (100%) underwent liposuction in the pre-zygomatic region, and the amount of fat was 4.1-12.6 (7.95±1.85) ml. There were 4 cases (13.8%) underwent liposuction in the forehead, and the amount of fat was 1.8-5.2 (2.75±0.50) ml. There were 7 cases (24.1%) underwent liposuction in the temporal region, and the amount of fat was 2.8-6.5 (3.86±1.07) ml. There were 8 cases (27.6%) underwent liposuction in the cheek, and the amount of fat was 5.2-10.5 (7.25±2.12) ml. There were 18 cases (62.1%) underwent liposuction in the perioral region, and the amount of fat was 3.7-9.5 (6.33±1.28) ml. The energy delivered by bipolar radiofrequency was 3.3-10.2 (5.71±2.27) KJ. 82.8% of patients were satisfied with their postoperative effect (24/29 patients). 86.2% of doctors were satisfied with the postoperative effect (25/29 patients). Two out of 29 patients (6.9%) developed irregularity by liposuction.Conclusions:Low negative pressure liposuction combined with bipolar radiofrequency can effectively reduce the fat, narrow the tissue gap and improve facial sagging, which is an effective method for repairing facial fat overfilling.

Objective:To explore the effect and safety of mesenchymal stem cell exosome microneedle introduction in the treatment of melasma.Methods:Thirty cases of female patients with stable melasma in the Department of Dermatology, Changsha Meilai Medical Beauty Hospital, aged (36±5) years and with a disease duration of (42.4±20.7) months, from July 2021 to July 2022, were retrospectively included. According to Fitzpatrick skin typing, 23 cases of type Ⅲ and 7 cases of type Ⅳ were included. All patients were locally anesthetized with lidocaine cream for 30 min, and rolled with a 0.5 mm needle in a zigzag pattern with even force, in the order of the right cheek, the left cheek, the forehead, the nose, the mandible, and the upper lip. During the rolling process, 3 ml of MSC exosome medical liquid wound dressing was applied to the facial skin, and after it was fully absorbed, exosome was locally readministered in the area of melasma. Treatment ended with a slight redness at the site of application. 1 MSC exosome wound dressing was appllied as a cold compress for 15 min after treatment. Treatment was given once every 2 weeks for 6 consecutive sessions. All the patients were followed up at 4 and 12 weeks after the last session, and the area and severity index of melasma (MASI) were scored before and after the treatment, the clinical efficiency and patient satisfaction rate and the incidence of adverse reactions were also counted.Results:At 4 and 12 weeks after the end of treatment, the skin color of all 30 patients was brighter than that before treatment, and no recurrence of melasma symptoms seen. At 12 weeks after the end of treatment, the decrease rate of MASI score was 66.1%, among which the decrease rate of MASI score in patients with type Ⅲ melasma was 63.9%, and the decrease rate of MASI score in patients with type Ⅳ melasma was 63.9%. Among the 30 patients, 1 case was cured, 25 cases showed obvious improved, 4 cases were improved, and no cases were ineffective, with an effective rate of 86.7% (26/30). Five patients were very satisfied, 18 patients were satisfied, 6 patients were generally satisfied, and 1 patient was dissatisfied; the patient satisfaction rate was 76.7% (23/30). No serious adverse reactions occurred in all patients.Conclusions:MSC exosome microneedle introduction is safe and effective in the treatment of melasma without serious adverse reactions.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Fat accumulation "sensitizes" the liver to insult and leads to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is involved in metabolic stresses, but its role in NAFLD is unknown. We report that hepatocyte GPR35 mitigates NASH by regulating hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. Specifically, we found that GPR35 overexpression in hepatocytes protected against high-fat/cholesterol/fructose (HFCF) diet-induced steatohepatitis, whereas loss of GPR35 had the opposite effect. Administration of the GPR35 agonist kynurenic acid (Kyna) suppressed HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Kyna/GPR35 induced expression of StAR-related lipid transfer protein 4 (STARD4) through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, ultimately resulting in hepatic cholesterol esterification and bile acid synthesis (BAS). The overexpression of STARD4 increased the expression of the BAS rate-limiting enzymes cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and CYP8B1, promoting the conversion of cholesterol to bile acid. The protective effect induced by GPR35 overexpression in hepatocytes disappeared in hepatocyte STARD4-knockdown mice. STARD4 overexpression in hepatocytes reversed the aggravation of HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis caused by the loss of GPR35 expression in hepatocytes in mice. Our findings indicate that the GPR35-STARD4 axis is a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of public health emergency events (PHEE) of varicella in China from 2006 to 2021 and related response performances.Methods:The data of varicella PHEE in 31 provinces of China from 2006 to 2021 were collected through the Public Health Emergency Management Information System, Microsoft Excel 2019 software and SPSS 26.0 statistical software were used to conduct descriptive epidemiological, statistical analysis on the time, area, location distribution, scale and epidemic management.Results:A total of 11 443 PHEE involving 341 048 related cases were reported from 2006 to 2021, with an annual attack rate of 1.78%-3.80% and a total attack rate of 2.33% (341 048/14 624 042). The number of PHEE and related cases of varicella decreased from 1 107 (35 349) in 2007 to 262 (6 884) in 2012 ( Z=-2.40, P<0.001), then increased year by year to 1 318 (42 649) in 2019 ( Z=2.58, P<0.001), with a significant decline since 2020. The varicella PHEE in China presents the seasonal characteristics,the peak is from April to June and from October to December, respectively. The sub-peak of varicella PHEE in eastern China generally appears 1-2 months earlier than in central and western China. Varicella PHEE reports are mainly distributed in eastern China, the attack rate is relatively high in western China, school-reported varicella PHEE was 88.26% of the total reports (10 099/11 443). The epidemic scale of varrcella PHEE typically range from 10 to 29 cases per year among the given outbreaks. The M ( Q1, Q3) of average number of cases, average duration, and average reporting interval of PHEE were 23 (16,35), 20 (14, 26) days, and 9 (5,19) days, respectively, and the reporting interval was positively correlated with the duration ( r=0.854, P<0.001). Conclusions:The varicella PHEE in China from 2006 to 2021 has not been effectively controlled. Schools are the key places to prevent and control varicella PHEE. Improving the sensitivity of varicella PHEE monitoring, strengthening the timely disposal of varicella epidemic, and promoting varicella vaccination are effective measures to prevent and control varicella PHEE.

Objective:To explore the risk factors involved in gastritis, gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN) and gastric cancer in Shihezi area.Methods:A total of 7 110 Han nationality patients who underwent gastroscopy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine from January 2012 to December 2016 were selected as the research subjects. The data of patients were obtained through medical records and questionnaires. After excluding diseases related to esophagus and duodenum, a total of 4 429 cases were included in the retrospective analysis. Of which, 4 249 were gastritis, 93 were GIN, and 87 were gastric cancer. χ2 test, rank-sum test or Fisher exact probability method were used to analyze the differences of various factors in gastritis, GIN and gastric cancer. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors for gastritis progression to GIN and gastric cancer. Results:χ2 test and rank sum test showed that there were statistically significant differences in gender, age, history of digestive diseases and distribution of Helicobacter pylori ( HP) infection among the groups of gastritis, GIN and gastric cancer ( P<0.05). The proportion of HP infection decreased gradually with the disease severity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male ( P<0.001, OR=2.251, 95% CI: 1.461-3.470), elderly ( P<0.001, OR=4.829, 95% CI: 2.241-10.409), a family history of gastric cancer ( P=0.002, OR=3.227, 95% CI: 1.537-6.774) and a history of digestive diseases ( P=0.034, OR=1.644, 95% CI: 1.037-2.607) were independent risk factors for gastritis progression to GIN. Male ( P<0.001, OR=3.254, 95% CI: 2.026-5.225), middle-aged ( P=0.022, OR=2.688, 95% CI: 1.153-6.265) and elderly ( P=0.002, OR=4.734, 95% CI: 1.750-12.807) were independent risk factors for gastritis progression to gastric cancer. In stratified analysis to exclude age and gender, smoking ( P=0.028, OR=4.060, 95% CI: 1.160-14.202) was found to be a risk factor for gastritis progression to GIN in young adults, and obesity ( P=0.032, OR=3.869, 95% CI: 1.121-13.356) was found to be a risk factor for gastritis progression to gastric cancer in women. Conclusion:The degree of HP infection in gastric tissues is negatively correlated with the severity of gastric diseases, suggesting that HP infection may be an early event inducing gastric cancer. Male, the elderly, people with a family history of gastric cancer and a history of digestive diseases, and young smokers in Shihezi are more likely to develop GIN, and male, middle-aged, elderly, and obese women are at increased risk of gastric cancer.

Objective:To explore an ideal method for establishing a mouse model of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG).Methods:CAG mouse models were established with five different modeling methods ( N-methyl- N′-nitro- N-nitrosoguanide (MNNG), sodium salicylate, sodium deoxycholate, Helicobacter pylori infection, and combinations of them) in BALB/c and C57 mice. The effect of each modeling method was evaluated by histological observation of gastric mucosa, plasma biochemical parameters, inflammatory response score, and the expression of anti-inflammatory factors. Results:The results of histological observation of gastric mucosa showed that all of the 5 methods could successfully establish CAG mouse models. In BALB/c mice, compared with the healthy control group, significant features of CAG accompanied with intestinal metaplasia was found in the model group established by combination of MNNG-free drinking, 2% sodium salicylate and 20 mmol sodium deoxycholate. From the results of serological detection, compared with the normal control group, the mRNA expression levels of related anti-inflammatory factors interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interleukin-13 and growth differentiation factor-15 of each model group decreased, which indicated that the mice of each CAG model group had different degrees of inflammation. The results of plasma biochemical parameters indicated that plasma gastrin of each group decreased and the ratio of pepsinogen Ⅰ and pepsinogen Ⅱ significantly dropped. The above results demonstrated that in BLAB/c mice, MNNG-free drinking, 2% sodium salicylate and 20 mmol sodium deoxycholate was better than other four modeling methods. For C57 mice, it was also found that simple chemical drug mutagenesis and Helicobacter pylori replication method both could successfully establish CAG models. No matter from pathological observation, relative expression of anti-inflammatory factors and analysis of plasma biochemical parameters, the effects of combination of the two methods was better. Conclusion:The CAG mouse model established by MNNG-free drinking, 2% sodium salicylate and 20 mmol sodium deoxycholate can provide a certain reference for the establishment and application of mouse model in CAG experiments in the future for pharmacological research.