The incomplete degradation of tumour cells by macrophages (Mϕ) is a contributing factor to tumour progression and metastasis, and the degradation function of Mϕ is mediated through phagosomes and lysosomes. In our preliminary experiments, we found that overactivation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) reduced the ability of Mϕ to degrade engulfed tumour cells. Above this, we screened out liquiritin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, which can significantly inhibit NOX2 activity and inhibit tumours, to elucidate that suppressing NOX2 can enhance the ability of Mϕ to degrade tumour cells. We found that the tumour environment could activate the NOX2 activity in Mϕ phagosomes, causing Mϕ to produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus prohibiting the formation of phagolysosomes before degradation. Conversely, inhibiting NOX2 in Mϕ by liquiritin can reduce ROS and promote phagosome-lysosome fusion, therefore improving the enzymatic degradation of tumour cells after phagocytosis, and subsequently promote T cell activity by presenting antigens. We further confirmed that liquiritin down-regulated the expression of the NOX2 specific membrane component protein gp91 phox, blocking its binding to the NOX2 cytoplasmic component proteins p67 phox and p47 phox, thereby inhibiting the activity of NOX2. This study elucidates the specific mechanism by which Mϕ cannot degrade tumour cells after phagocytosis, and indicates that liquiritin can promote the ability of Mϕ to degrade tumour cells by suppressing NOX2.

Objective To analyze the situation and study trend of large-scale nurses'health cohort studies based on Web of Science,to help design clinical guidelines and scientific research for nursing staff in China.Methods Articles of large nurses'health cohort studies published from 1993 to 2023 were retrieved from Web of Science(WOS)Core Collection.Citespace and Bibilometrix were used to perform the bibliometric analysis.Results 2882 studies were included in this study.Total volume of papers was enlarging by year.Clustering results showed that the main keywords could be divided into 3 categories:risks of women's health,risks of cardiovascular disease and reproducibility.Results of keywords burst showed that lifestyle,cardiovascular disease,women reproductive health and mental health were the highlights of studies in recent 5 years.Conclusion Research on large-scale nurse health cohorts holds significant scientific significance.It is recommended to establish a nationwide large-scale nurse health cohort as soon as possible.In the study,appropriate exposure factors should be selected,with reproductive health,mental health,and psychiatric disorders being the primary outcome measures,and chronic physical illnesses being the secondary outcome measures.By systematically describing the factors influencing the physical and mental health of nurses in China,we can better safeguard their well-being and promote the development of the nursing discipline.

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the economical efficiency of marketed a naplastic lymphoma kinase （ALK）-tyrosine kinase inhibitors （TKI）for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）in China ，and to provide a reference for the selection of China ’s medical insurance list and drug pricing. METHODS Computer searches of databases such as CNKI ，Wanfang database ，VIP，PubMed，Embase and the Cochrane Library were conducted to collect pharmacoeconomic evaluation studies of four marketed ALK-TKI （crizotinib，seretinib，aletinib and ensatinib ）in the treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC in China during the inception to July 2021. The qualities of the included literature were evaluated using CHEERS checklist ，and analyzed systematically in terms of both methodological and economic outcomes. RESULTS A total of 6 literatures were included ，with a compliance rate of 71％ to 83％ for the CHEERS list criteria ，and the overall quality of the literature was high. In terms of methodological analysis ，the pharmacoeconomic evaluation methods included in the study were mainly model-based （Markov or partitioned survival models ） and real-world data-based cost-utility analysis. Most research perspectives were health insurance payer and health system perspectives ；all cost types were direct medical costs. In terms of economical efficiency analysis ，compared with chemotherapy plan ，2 studies confirmed that ALK-TKI （crizotinib，seretinib）were not economic ，1 study confirmed ALK-TKI （crizotinib） showed economical efficiency. Seretinib showed relatively higher economical efficiency when compared to other ALK-TKIs. High drug prices were the main factor why ALK-TKI was not economically viable for treating ALK-positive NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS The second-generation ALK-TKI （seretinib， 163.com alectinib） have better economical efficiency than the first-generation ALK-TKI （crizotinib）. The economical efficiency of seretinib is the best among the second-generation · ALK-TKI. The economical efficiency of chemotherapy regimen is better than that of the second-generation ALK-TKI （seretinib）. Economic comparison between chemotherapy and first-generation ALK-TKI （crizotinib）remains controversial.

With improvements in information technology and expansion in education reforms, more innovative teaching reform programs have also been launched. Information technology has increased interest in the use of the flipped classroom innovative teaching model. In order to explore new ideas for the improvement of teaching, this paper focuses on the flipped classroom teaching approach with the integration of information technology. Micro-teaching is an important innovative flipped classroom teaching approach with a number of advantages as it is short, concise, and interesting, which therefore helps improve students' self-learning ability. Designing and preparing micro-teaching would become a prerequisite skill for college teachers. Based on the analysis of the entries in the "National Universities Micro-teaching Competition of Life Science", this paper explores the application of micro-teaching in life sciences teaching from the perspective of curriculum introduction, mode of presentation, teaching design, and other aspects of teaching. This information could serve as a guide to frontline college teachers to help them understand and master the skills of designing micro-teaching, so as to generate interest and improve learning efficiency among college students.
Biological Science Disciplines ; Curriculum ; Humans ; Learning ; Students ; Universities

Objective: To analyze the exposure level and the geographical distribution trend of toxicological indicators of rural drinking water in Shandong Province. Methods: The drawing method was used to randomly select no less than 60% villages and towns from 137 counties (cities, districts) of 17 cities in Shandong Province in 2015, and then 1-3 rural centralized water supply units were selected according to the circumstance of rural centralized water supply units in each village and town. In total, 735 villages and towns, 1 473 rural centralized water supply units were selected, and 1 473 water samples were collected. The water treatment process, water supply population and other circumstances of the rural centralized water supply units were investigated, the water quality was monitored, the content of toxicological indicators of drinking water in different areas was compared, and the trend surface isogram of excessive toxicological indicators was drawn. Results: The qualified rate of toxicological indicators in 1 473 water samples was 83.64% (n=1 232). The main toxicological indicators that affected the qualified rate of toxicological indicators of drinking water in rural areas in Shandong Province were nitrate and fluoride. The excessive rate of fluoride was 5.70% (n=84) and the exposed population was 1 736 709 (4.22%). The excessive rate of nitrate (as nitrogen) was 12.29% (n=181) and the exposed population was 1 393 612 (3.39%). The P₅0 content of fluoride in the eastern, middle and western regions was 0.24, 0.29 and 0.59 mg/L, respective;which was higher in the western region than in the east and the middle regions (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the eastern and the middle regions (P>0.05). The P₅₀ content of nitrate (as nitrogen) in the eastern, middle and western regions was 8.00, 7.48, and 2.00 mg/L, which was higher in the eastern and middle regions than in the west region (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the eastern and the middle regions (P>0.05). The trend surface isogram of nitrate and fluoride content showed that the content of nitrate (as nitrogen) in rural drinking water in the eastern region was significantly higher than that in the western region, especially there was a high peak area in the northeastern region, and this high content distribution extended diagonally to the central region, while the other regions were in a relatively low range. The content of fluoride in rural drinking water in the western region was significantly higher than that in the eastern region, and there were high peaks in the southwest and northwest regions, and the other regions were in a relatively low range. Conclusion The high exposed toxicological indicators in rural drinking water in Shandong Province were nitrate (as nitrogen) and fluoride, and their distribution showed obvious geographical distribution trend.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the resistance of Staphylococcus to erythromycin and clindamycin and detect the percentage and gene for inducible resistance in Tai'an.METHODS The susceptibilities of Staphylococcus to erythromycin and clindamycin were examined by Kirby-Bauer disc agar diffusion test and the inducible erythromycin resistance to clindamycin was checked by D-test according to the standards of NCCLS,and the resistance genes msrA,Vgb,sat4,ermA,ermB and ermC were detected by using PCR technology.RESULTS Among the 326 strains,162(44.12%)were all resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin;68(20.86%)were resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to clindamycin but they were positive in D-test;42(12.88%)were resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to clindamycin but they were negative in D-test.The rates of inducible resistance of MRSA,MSSA,MRCNS and MSCNS to clindamycin were 40.00%,56.25%,63.38% and 66.67%,respectively among the Staphylococcus which were resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to clindamycin.The gene ermC was the main one for inducible erythromycin resistance to clindamycin.The percentage of gene ermC was 85.29% and that of ermC and sat4 either was 7.35%;all the others were negative.CONCLUSIONS The rate of inducible erythromycin resistance to clindamycin in our area is relatively high,and D-test in clinical microbiology laboratory should be done so that the physicians can select the reasonable MLSB antimicrobial agents.

Objective:To detect the expression of IL-17A、IL-10 and IFN-? in patients wth different forms of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) during clinical remission phase and investigate their role in the onset and treatment of IBD.Methods:Tissue samples were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis(UC,n=46),Crohn's disease(CD,n=12),and normal colorectal tissues(n=20).IL-17A expression was evaluated by a standard immunohistochemical procedure.Serum IL-17A、 IL-10 and IFN-? levels were determined by ELISA.Results:IL-17A expression was not detected in samples from normal colonic mucosa but was present in the mucosa of IBD.The level of IL-17A significantly increased in IBD patients while it was not detected in the sera of normal individuals.The level of IL-10 in patients with Crohn's disease was significantly higher than that in patients with ulcerative colitis and control group(P