Addressing the current clinical problems of conventional antidepressants， such as delayed onset of action and prominent adverse reactions， this paper explores the theoretical basis， mechanism of action， and application prospects of nasal administration as a novel rapid antidepressant strategy. By clarifying the conceptual connotation of rapid antidepressants， elucidating their clinical demands and application advantages， and explaining the physiological basis of nasal-to-brain delivery， it is proposed that the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways can bypass the blood-brain barrier to achieve rapid targeted delivery of drugs to brain tissue. On this basis， combined with the theory of opening orifices with aromatic medicinals in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） as well as related research in modern aromatherapy， the ancient and modern clinical evidence of nasal administration in regulating emotions was systematically reviewed. Furthermore， this article discusses the application advantages of nasal administration in special populations such as the elderly， children， and pregnant women， and analyzes the practical bottlenecks such as mucosal clearance， limited formulation volume， and safety evaluation. Nasal administration is expected to become an important supplementary means for rapid antidepressants， and the integrated model of "TCM aromatic medicinals plus nanopreparations plus nasal administration" can provide new ideas for research on the integration of TCM and western medicine in treating depression.

Among various genera of free-living amoebae prevalent in nature, some members are identified as causative agents of human encephalitis, in which Naegleria fowleri followed by Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris have been successively discovered. As the three dominant genera responsible for infections, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia work as opportunistic pathogens of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, whereas Naegleria induces primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mostly in healthy children and young adults as a more violent and deadly disease. Due to the lack of typical symptoms and laboratory findings, all these amoebic encephalitic diseases are difficult to diagnose. Considering that subsequent therapies are also affected, all these brain infections cause significant mortality worldwide, with more than 90% of the cases being fatal. Along with global warming and population explosion, expanding areas of human and amoebae activity in some regions lead to increased contact, resulting in more serious infections and drawing increased public attention. In this review, we summarize the present information of these pathogenic free-living amoebae, including their phylogeny, classification, biology, and ecology. The mechanisms of pathogenesis, immunology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapies are also discussed.
Amebiasis/epidemiology* ; Balamuthia mandrillaris ; Brain ; Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections/epidemiology* ; Child ; Humans ; Naegleria fowleri

Objectives To analyze the characteristic of HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) gene variants isolated from Shanghai. To construct the prokaryotic expression vector of HIV-1 vif gene and understand its immunogenieity. Methods HIV-1 vii genes were amplified and sequenced from 23 serum samples of HIV-1 infected patients in Shanghai and then compared with the international standard HIV-1 strain. Subsequently, these amplified Vif fragments were sub cloned into pETS2b(+)expression vector. The recombinant prokaryotie plasmids pETS2b (+)-HIV-1/Vif were then transferred into BL21DS(Star)cells for expressing and purifying HIV-1 Vif protein. HIV-1 Viff rat polyclonal antibody was then preparing by injecting the purified Vif proteins into the mice. ELISA was used to determine the purity of Vif proteins and the immunogenicity of its polyclonal antibodies. Results The nucleotide acid mutation rate of HIV-1 vif gene in Shanghai AIDS patient was (0. 179±0. 006)% compared with the international standard HIV-1 strain. Some similar mutations in vif gene were found in HIV-1 strains isolated from Shanghai while the amino acid sequence between 151 and 240 in Vif protein was conserved. The construction of HIV-1 Vif prokaryotic expression plamids and the preparation of Vif polyclonal antibodies were successfully done in this study. The reaction between recombinant HIV-1 Vif protein and the serum from HIV-1 infected patient was not significantly different from that between the recombinant protein and healthy control serum(P＞0.05). HIV-1 Vif polyclonal antibody reacted differently with recombined HIV-1 Vif protein compared with healthy control serum samples (t=178.61, P＜0.01). Conclusions The Vif gene mutation rate is high in HIV-1 strains isolated from Shanghai compared with international standard HIV-1 strain. The prokaryotic expression plasmids of HIV-1 vif antigen are successfully constructed and Vif polyclonal antibodies are prepared well.