As key cells of innate immunity, macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis through their M1/M2 polarization states. Various metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity are closely associated with inflammation, and macrophage polarization imbalance is commonly observed during their progression. Regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization is highly likely to become a potential therapeutic direction for metabolic inflammation-related diseases. Through literature research, this article summarizes the origin, activation, and polarization mechanisms of macrophages, and reviews the latest research progress on the imbalance and regulation of macrophage polarization in metabolic inflammation-related diseases. It aims to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms and precise targets of macrophage polarization, as well as optimized strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic inflammation-related diseases.

As key cells of innate immunity, macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis through their M1/M2 polarization states. Various metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity are closely associated with inflammation, and macrophage polarization imbalance is commonly observed during their progression. Regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization is highly likely to become a potential therapeutic direction for metabolic inflammation-related diseases. Through literature research, this article summarizes the origin, activation, and polarization mechanisms of macrophages, and reviews the latest research progress on the imbalance and regulation of macrophage polarization in metabolic inflammation-related diseases. It aims to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms and precise targets of macrophage polarization, as well as optimized strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic inflammation-related diseases.

Inflammation that is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease plays a important role in rheumatological diseases.Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA),an inhibitor of endogenous nitric oxide synthase,contributes to the inflammatory syndrome.Elevated ADMA levels in many rheumatological diseases suggest that ADMA might play an important role in the rheumatological diseases and cardiovascular complication.In this review,we discuss the role of ADMA in rheumatological disease's cardiovascular complications.

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects of different approaches to establishing rat models of acute liver failure (ALF).

METHODSSixty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups for establishing ALF models using 3 different approaches, namely conventional hepatectomy for resecting 90% liver tissue as described by Higgins and Anderson, modified bloodless hepatectomy for resecting 90% liver tissue, and intraperitoneal injections of 700 mg/kg D-galactosamine (D-gal) and 5 µg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mortality of the rats due to postoperative bleeding and survival rate at 7 days after the surgery were recorded. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilimbin (Tbil), albumin (ALB), NH3, glucose (Glu) and prothrombin time (PT) were monitored, and histopathologies of the liver were examined at 24 and 72 h after the surgery.

RESULTSThe mortality rate due to postoperative bleeding was higher in conventional hepatectomy group than in the modified surgical group (15% vs 0). The survival rate at 7 days was 25%, 0%, 15% in conventional surgical group, modified surgical group and drug injection group, respectively. In the latter two groups, significant changes of ALT, Tbil, ALB, NH3, Glu, and PT were recorded at 24 and 72 h after the modeling (P<0.05), and these changes were the most obvious at 24 h in modified surgical group and at 72 h in the drug injection group; ALB in both groups declined to the lowest at 7 days and then increased gradually. Liver cell degeneration and necrosis were found in modified surgical group and drug injection group at 24 h and 72 h after the modeling.

CONCLUSIONBoth the modified 90% bloodless hepatectomy and injections of D-gal and LPS can be used to establish ideal rat models of ALF to suit different ALF-related researches.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Galactosamine ; adverse effects ; Hepatectomy ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Lipopolysaccharides ; adverse effects ; Liver Failure, Acute ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The flocculating yeast strain SPSC01 is a fusant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The use of SPSC01 to absorb Cr(VI) from Cr(VI) containing aqueous solution would greatly reduce the cost of post-adsorption separation, since the superior flocculating property of SPSC01 would allow easy separation of the Cr(VI)-biomass from the solution. In order to investigate the effects of flocculating proteins on Cr(VI) reduction and absorption by SPSC01, the absorption behaviors of SPSC01 and its parental strains were compared. The results showed that Cr(VI) removal rate of SPSC01 was almost the same as that of S. pombe, which also has flocculating ability, but was faster than that of S. cerevisiae, which has no flocculating ability. When the system reached equilibrium, the amount of total Cr adsorbed by S. pombe, SPSC01 and S. cerevisiae were 68.8%, 48.6% and 37.5%, respectively. This showed that flocculation was beneficial to Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption, and suggested that focculating proteins may play a role in enhancing the Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of SPSC01 and S. pombe. We investigated the mechanism of Cr(VI) adsorption by SPSC01 using chemical modification and FTIR. The results indicated that the major functional groups (amino, carboxyl and amide) of surface proteins may contribute to the absorption of Cr(VI).
Adsorption ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Chromium ; isolation & purification ; Flocculation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces ; metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; isolation & purification