Radiotherapy,as one of the important means of treating cancer,is more prone to medical errors than other treatment methods due to its involvement of a wide variety of equipment,high demands for personnel collaboration,and relatively complex treatment processes.Therefore,the establishment of an effective reporting and learning system for adverse events of radiotherapy is of great significance for ensuring patients'safety and improving healthcare quality.The International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)has established the Safety Reporting And Learning System For Radiotherapy(SAFRON),which constructed comprehensive database and formulated standard procedures of reporting event and analytical methods through collected and analyzed the worldwide cases of adverse event of radiotherapy.At the same time,the SAFRON system emphasizes the cultivation for safety culture,and encourages healthcare professionals to actively report adverse events,and creates a non-punitive learning environment to learn from mistakes and prevent the recurrence of similar incidents.This review introduced the structure and usage method of reporting and learning system of adverse event of SAFRON radiotherapy,so as to understand the using processes,system architecture and security culture of that,which can provide references for the establishment and use of reporting and learning system of adverse event of department,and promote continuous improvement of healthcare quality.

Objective:This study aims to investigate sex-specific abnormalities?? in gray matter volume (GMV) in Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their associations with gene expression.Methods:T 1-weighted brain MRI data were collected at the MRI Center of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China between 2022 and 2023 from 100 children with ASD and 90 typically developing (TD) children. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to explore GMV differences between ASD boys and TD boys, and between ASD girls and TD girls. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was performed based on the Allen Human Brain Atlas to identify genes associated with GMV alterations, followed by enrichment analyses. Cell-type-specific expression analyses were used to examine associations across developmental stages and brain structures. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify hub proteins. Results:Compared to TD boys, ASD boys showed increased GMV in the right superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus, as well as in the bilateral orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus and the gyrus rectus. Decreased GMV was observed in the cerebellar vermis and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. A total of 635 genes were associated with these GMV alterations, enriched in pathways related to DNA-templated transcription, RNA metabolism and biogenesis, and ion binding. Developmental analysis indicated strong associations with the cerebellum during early, middle-to-late childhood, and adolescence, and with the cerebral cortex in early adulthood. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted NOB1, GNL3L, ESF1, TFB2M, and WDR75 as specific hub proteins. Compared to TD girls, ASD girls exhibited increased GMV in the right middle and inferior temporal gyri, temporal pole, and fusiform gyrus, and decreased GMV in the cerebellar vermis and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. A total of 765 genes were associated, enriched in pathways related to ion channel activity, signal transduction, and regulation of membrane potential. These genes showed strong associations with the amygdala during mid-to-late fetal development, middle-to-late childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood; with the cerebellum during late infancy, early childhood, and early adulthood; with the cerebral cortex during the mid-to-late fetal development, early neonatal period, and adolescence; with the hippocampus during middle-to-late childhood and adolescence; with the striatum during adolescence and early adulthood; and with the thalamus during early-to-mid fetal development, early neonatal period, and early adulthood. PPI network analysis identified ANK3, ANK1, SCN4B, NFKB1, and PXN as specific hub proteins. Conclusion:Both ASD boys and ASD girls exhibit GMV abnormalities compared with TD controls. The specific genes associated with GMV alterations are enriched in distinct biological pathways in boys and girls. Cell-type-specific expression analyses further revealed sex-dependent differences in developmental timing and brain structural correlations, and distinct PPI networks were constructed for each group.

Radiotherapy,as one of the important means of treating cancer,is more prone to medical errors than other treatment methods due to its involvement of a wide variety of equipment,high demands for personnel collaboration,and relatively complex treatment processes.Therefore,the establishment of an effective reporting and learning system for adverse events of radiotherapy is of great significance for ensuring patients'safety and improving healthcare quality.The International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)has established the Safety Reporting And Learning System For Radiotherapy(SAFRON),which constructed comprehensive database and formulated standard procedures of reporting event and analytical methods through collected and analyzed the worldwide cases of adverse event of radiotherapy.At the same time,the SAFRON system emphasizes the cultivation for safety culture,and encourages healthcare professionals to actively report adverse events,and creates a non-punitive learning environment to learn from mistakes and prevent the recurrence of similar incidents.This review introduced the structure and usage method of reporting and learning system of adverse event of SAFRON radiotherapy,so as to understand the using processes,system architecture and security culture of that,which can provide references for the establishment and use of reporting and learning system of adverse event of department,and promote continuous improvement of healthcare quality.

Objective:This study aims to investigate sex-specific abnormalities?? in gray matter volume (GMV) in Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their associations with gene expression.Methods:T 1-weighted brain MRI data were collected at the MRI Center of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China between 2022 and 2023 from 100 children with ASD and 90 typically developing (TD) children. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to explore GMV differences between ASD boys and TD boys, and between ASD girls and TD girls. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was performed based on the Allen Human Brain Atlas to identify genes associated with GMV alterations, followed by enrichment analyses. Cell-type-specific expression analyses were used to examine associations across developmental stages and brain structures. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify hub proteins. Results:Compared to TD boys, ASD boys showed increased GMV in the right superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus, as well as in the bilateral orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus and the gyrus rectus. Decreased GMV was observed in the cerebellar vermis and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. A total of 635 genes were associated with these GMV alterations, enriched in pathways related to DNA-templated transcription, RNA metabolism and biogenesis, and ion binding. Developmental analysis indicated strong associations with the cerebellum during early, middle-to-late childhood, and adolescence, and with the cerebral cortex in early adulthood. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted NOB1, GNL3L, ESF1, TFB2M, and WDR75 as specific hub proteins. Compared to TD girls, ASD girls exhibited increased GMV in the right middle and inferior temporal gyri, temporal pole, and fusiform gyrus, and decreased GMV in the cerebellar vermis and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. A total of 765 genes were associated, enriched in pathways related to ion channel activity, signal transduction, and regulation of membrane potential. These genes showed strong associations with the amygdala during mid-to-late fetal development, middle-to-late childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood; with the cerebellum during late infancy, early childhood, and early adulthood; with the cerebral cortex during the mid-to-late fetal development, early neonatal period, and adolescence; with the hippocampus during middle-to-late childhood and adolescence; with the striatum during adolescence and early adulthood; and with the thalamus during early-to-mid fetal development, early neonatal period, and early adulthood. PPI network analysis identified ANK3, ANK1, SCN4B, NFKB1, and PXN as specific hub proteins. Conclusion:Both ASD boys and ASD girls exhibit GMV abnormalities compared with TD controls. The specific genes associated with GMV alterations are enriched in distinct biological pathways in boys and girls. Cell-type-specific expression analyses further revealed sex-dependent differences in developmental timing and brain structural correlations, and distinct PPI networks were constructed for each group.

In this paper,the educational mode of master of public health (MPH) in America and China were reviewed through literatures searching and internet searching and the difference between America and China were compared from the sources of students,students' characters,educational objective,specialties and curricula,methods of teaching and management.There is still a certain gap in education of MPH in China.The educational mode needs optimizing with changing enrollment methods,definitude training objectives,perfect curriculum setting,increased opportunities for practice and strict quality control,so that the educational mode of MPH will be perfected in China.