Objective:To investigate the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes and drug resistance characteristics among newly reported HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Yunnan Province, and to analyze the correlation between HIV-1 genotypes and concurrence with other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) .Methods:A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 79 newly reported HIV-infected men who have sex with men were collected from the Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Diseases from September 2020 to May 2021. Meanwhile, their blood and initial-stream urine samples were collected. Antibodies against Treponema pallidum or herpes simplex virus type 2 were detected in blood samples, while nucleic acid amplification tests were performed for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma samples, and the gag, env, and pol gene fragments were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for genotyping and drug resistance analysis. Differences between groups were analyzed using the chi-square test, and correlations between HIV-1 genotypes and concurrence with STDs were analyzed using logistic regression. Results:Totally, 72 samples were successfully genotyped, and 5 genotypes were identified, including CRF07_BC (43.06%, 31/72), CRF01_AE (33.33%, 24/72), URF (18.06%, 13/72), CRF55_01B (2.78%, 2/72), and CRF68_01B (2.78%, 2/72). The 13 cases of URF were classified into 3 recombination patterns, including 11 cases of CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC, 1 case of CRF08_BC/CRF07_BC, and 1 case of B/CRF07_BC. Drug resistance analysis was conducted for 36 cases according to the pol sequences, and the HIV drug resistance rate was 5.56% (2/36). The rate of concurrence with other STDs was 40.28% (29/72), and HIV infection mostly coexisted with syphilis (20.83%, 15/72), followed by herpes simplex virus type 2 infection (16.67%, 15/72), Mycoplasma genitalium infection (11.11%, 8/72), gonorrhea (5.56%, 4/72) and Chlamydia trachomatis infection (2.78%, 2/72). The rate of concurrence with two or more STDs was 12.50% (9/72). Logistic regression analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between HIV-1 genotypes and concurrence with different STDs (all P < 0.05) . Conclusions:The HIV-1 genotypes among men who have sex with men in Yunnan Province were complex, the drug resistance in HIV strains had reached a moderately epidemic level, and HIV-infected patients were often accompanied by other STDs. Thus, it is necessary to pay close attention to the change of HIV-1 genotypes and simultaneous screening and treatment of STDs in HIV-infected patients.

Objective:To investigate the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes and drug resistance characteristics among newly reported HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Yunnan Province, and to analyze the correlation between HIV-1 genotypes and concurrence with other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) .Methods:A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 79 newly reported HIV-infected men who have sex with men were collected from the Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Diseases from September 2020 to May 2021. Meanwhile, their blood and initial-stream urine samples were collected. Antibodies against Treponema pallidum or herpes simplex virus type 2 were detected in blood samples, while nucleic acid amplification tests were performed for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma samples, and the gag, env, and pol gene fragments were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for genotyping and drug resistance analysis. Differences between groups were analyzed using the chi-square test, and correlations between HIV-1 genotypes and concurrence with STDs were analyzed using logistic regression. Results:Totally, 72 samples were successfully genotyped, and 5 genotypes were identified, including CRF07_BC (43.06%, 31/72), CRF01_AE (33.33%, 24/72), URF (18.06%, 13/72), CRF55_01B (2.78%, 2/72), and CRF68_01B (2.78%, 2/72). The 13 cases of URF were classified into 3 recombination patterns, including 11 cases of CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC, 1 case of CRF08_BC/CRF07_BC, and 1 case of B/CRF07_BC. Drug resistance analysis was conducted for 36 cases according to the pol sequences, and the HIV drug resistance rate was 5.56% (2/36). The rate of concurrence with other STDs was 40.28% (29/72), and HIV infection mostly coexisted with syphilis (20.83%, 15/72), followed by herpes simplex virus type 2 infection (16.67%, 15/72), Mycoplasma genitalium infection (11.11%, 8/72), gonorrhea (5.56%, 4/72) and Chlamydia trachomatis infection (2.78%, 2/72). The rate of concurrence with two or more STDs was 12.50% (9/72). Logistic regression analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between HIV-1 genotypes and concurrence with different STDs (all P < 0.05) . Conclusions:The HIV-1 genotypes among men who have sex with men in Yunnan Province were complex, the drug resistance in HIV strains had reached a moderately epidemic level, and HIV-infected patients were often accompanied by other STDs. Thus, it is necessary to pay close attention to the change of HIV-1 genotypes and simultaneous screening and treatment of STDs in HIV-infected patients.

Objective To analyze the growth characteristics of the clinical isolates of Aspergillus compared to standard strains in vitro.Methods The sabourauds agar medium (SDA),yeast extract medium(YG) and potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) were used to test two clinical isolates and one standard strain.The strains were incubated at 29 ℃C for 96 hours.In liquid medium,the optical density (OD) values at 0 hour,4,8,12,24,36,48,60,72 and 96 hours after culture were recorded to generate growth curves for each strain and culture medium.Meanwhile,on solid medium,the features of colony morphology were recorded.Results In liquid medium,the growth curves were not significantly different between clinical isolates and standard strain in PDA medium (all at P＜0.05),while the differences were obvious in SDA medium and YG medium (P＜0.05).The clinical isolates showed shorter lag phase and higher growth rate than standard strain.On solid medium,all strains appeared the best growth state on PDA medium and the poorest state on SDA medium.Color change time was later on YG medium than that on the other medium.The clinical isolates performed better on the aspects of colony sizes and color change than standard strain when growed on the same medium,especially on SDA medium.Conclusions Compared with standard strain,the clinical isolates of Aspergillus have higher adaptive capacity to poor nutrition condition.