Objective:To develop a simple and effective subretinal injection pipeline system to enhance the accuracy and precision of subretinal injection volume control.Methods:A retrospective case series study. From May to October 2023, 18 patients (18 eyes) with submacular hemorrhage (SMH) who continuously received modified subretinal injection treatment in Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were included in the study. Among them, there were 10 males and 8 females. The mean age was (60.00±7.41) years. The primary causes included polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (14 cases), retinal macroaneurysm (2 cases), traumatic retinopathy (1 case), and Valsalva retinopathy (1 case). Hemorrhage affected 14 eyes of the fovea centralis. All affected eyes underwent standard three-channel 25G vitrectomy via the flat part of the ciliary body combined with modified subretinal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. The improved injection system consisted of a 1 ml syringe, a Q-Syte TM connector, a 41G subretinal microinjection needle, a converter and a viscoelastic substance control pipeline. The drug preparation time for subretinal injection (i.e., the time consumed by the system connection step), the injection time, whether bubbles occur during the injection process, and the perioperative complications were recorded and analyzed. Results:The preparation time prior to drug injection ranged from 230 to 335 seconds, while the injection completion time varied between 43 and 75 seconds. Both times decreased progressively as operator proficiency improved. Among the treated eyes, five received a target injection dose of 0.05 ml and thirteen received 0.10 ml, with all eyes achieving the preset dose accurately. No subretinal bubbles were observed during the injection procedure. Additionally, no intraoperative complications such as retinal hemorrhage or tear secondary to mechanical trauma at the injection site were recorded. Postoperatively, one eye developed anterior chamber hemorrhage, which resolved following intraocular pressure-lowering treatment. No other postoperative complications, including hemorrhage, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, or infection, were observed in the remaining eyes.Conclusion:The retinal drug injection system developed in this study has a simple structure, safe and stable operation, can achieve precise drug injection, and effectively avoid the formation of bubbles.

To explore the protective effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide(ASP)on leptospiro-sis induced by pathogenic Leptospira infection,the golden hamster model of leptospirosis was se-lected for the experiment.The Leptospira and Leptospira+ASP groups were intraperitoneally injected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai strain 56601(1 × 10 6 per hamster).After infec-tion,the Leptospira+ASP group was injected intraperitoneally with ASP(50 mg/kg)for three consecutive days,while the Leptospira group was injected intraperitoneally with normal saline for three days.The experiment employed methods such as daily observation of the clinical symptoms of golden hamsters,statistics of the survival status of each group of golden hamsters,pathological damage of liver,kidney,and lung,bacterial load in organs,and the expression of inflammatory cy-tokines(IL-1β and TNF-α).The results indicated that ASP could effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of the infected hamsters,enhance the survival rate,ameliorate the pathological damage of the body,reduce the bacterial load in various organs,and mitigate tissue inflammation.This study demonstrated for the first time that ASP has a protective effect on leptospirosis,providing medication guidance for the clinical treatment of leptospirosis.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different urinary diversions,specifically exploring whether the flap embedding technique can improve bladder cancer patients'quality of life and reduce the incidence of related complications.Methods 63 bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diver-sion,between December 2022 and December 2023,were divided into three groups:Ileal conduit group(n=21),flap embedding technique group(n=21),and traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(n=21).General clini-cal data,surgical data,preoperative and postoperative renal function indicators,incidence of complications within 6 months postoperatively,and quality of life scores were compared among the groups.Results The operative time in the ileal conduit group was longer than that in the other two groups(P<0.05).The quality of life scores in the flap embedding technique group were superior to those in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05),but no significant difference was found compared to the ileal conduit group(P>0.05).In terms of postoperative complications,the incidence of intestinal obstruction in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the ileal conduit group(P<0.05),and the rate of reinsertion of a single-J stent for hydronephrosis in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05).Postop-erative serum creatinine levels in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group were significantly higher than preop-erative levels(P<0.05),while no significant differences in renal function indicators were observed in the other two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The flap embedding technique significantly improves patients'quality of life and reduces the incidence of postoperative complications.It is worthy of further promotion in clinical practice.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different urinary diversions,specifically exploring whether the flap embedding technique can improve bladder cancer patients'quality of life and reduce the incidence of related complications.Methods 63 bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diver-sion,between December 2022 and December 2023,were divided into three groups:Ileal conduit group(n=21),flap embedding technique group(n=21),and traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(n=21).General clini-cal data,surgical data,preoperative and postoperative renal function indicators,incidence of complications within 6 months postoperatively,and quality of life scores were compared among the groups.Results The operative time in the ileal conduit group was longer than that in the other two groups(P<0.05).The quality of life scores in the flap embedding technique group were superior to those in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05),but no significant difference was found compared to the ileal conduit group(P>0.05).In terms of postoperative complications,the incidence of intestinal obstruction in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the ileal conduit group(P<0.05),and the rate of reinsertion of a single-J stent for hydronephrosis in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05).Postop-erative serum creatinine levels in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group were significantly higher than preop-erative levels(P<0.05),while no significant differences in renal function indicators were observed in the other two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The flap embedding technique significantly improves patients'quality of life and reduces the incidence of postoperative complications.It is worthy of further promotion in clinical practice.

[Objective]To explore the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the prevention and treatment with moxibustion based on the theory of"excessive fire dispersing Qi,and mild fire generating Qi".[Methods]Based on the original text of The Inner Canon of Huangdi,the theoretical connotation of"excessive fire dispersing Qi,and mild fire generating Qi",and its relationship with the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the reinforcing and reducing of moxibustion were investigated.The application of moxibustion reinforcing and reducing,guided by classical theory,is established in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer,and illustrated with typical medical cases to substantiate the argument.[Results]The concept of"excessive fire dispersing Qi,and mild fire generating Qi"describes the impact of physiological and pathological fire on the body's genuine Qi.Mild fire is gentle in nature and helps to generate the body's genuine Qi,while excessive fire is intense and can consume the body's genuine Qi.Dampness,heat,blood stasis,and toxins,which are factors that induce prostate cancer,cancer toxins and western medical treatments such as surgery,radiotherapy and chemotherapy can all manifest as"excessive fire"pattern,consume the body's genuine Qi,which cause the course of prostate cancer to present in different stages,such as the initial formation of cancer toxins,deficiency of genuine Qi with toxin accumulation and Yang deficiency with cold stagnation.The moxibustion of reinforcing technique is relatively gentle and suitable in temperature,embodying the momentum of"mild fire",while the moxibustion of reducing technique is relatively intense and high in temperature to expel pathogens,similar to the fierce momentum of"excessive fire".Guiding the treatment of prostate cancer with moxibustion based on"excessive fire dispersing Qi",and"mild fire generating Qi"should focus on nourishing the mild fire and suppressing the excessive fire,using moxibustion of reinforcing to nourish the deficiency with"mild fire generating Qi",and using moxibustion of reducing to suppress cancer toxins and reduce the consumption of Qi dynamics,highlighting the therapeutic effect in disease prevention and treatment,as well as in improving the adverse reactions of western medical treatment.In the medical case mentioned,the patient suffered from urinary incontinence due to the damage to genuine Qi caused by surgery and the failure to consolidate and control it properly.The patient was comprehensively diagnosed with a deficiency of both the spleen and kidney.In the treatment,mild moxibustion was used to strengthen the spleen,warm the kidney,and replenish and consolidate Qi.Emphasis was also placed on the combination of moxibustion and herbal medicine.After two months of treatment,the symptoms were brought under stable control.[Conclusion]Under the guidance of the theory that"excessive fire dispersing Qi,while mild fire generating Qi",moxibustion techniques are flexibly selected in order to drain excess to suppress"excessive fire"and tonify deficiency to enhance"mild fire",which is well-suited to the complex pathogenesis of prostate cancer,which is characterized by a combination of deficiency and excess.This method provides an important reference for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

To explore the protective effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide(ASP)on leptospiro-sis induced by pathogenic Leptospira infection,the golden hamster model of leptospirosis was se-lected for the experiment.The Leptospira and Leptospira+ASP groups were intraperitoneally injected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai strain 56601(1 × 10 6 per hamster).After infec-tion,the Leptospira+ASP group was injected intraperitoneally with ASP(50 mg/kg)for three consecutive days,while the Leptospira group was injected intraperitoneally with normal saline for three days.The experiment employed methods such as daily observation of the clinical symptoms of golden hamsters,statistics of the survival status of each group of golden hamsters,pathological damage of liver,kidney,and lung,bacterial load in organs,and the expression of inflammatory cy-tokines(IL-1β and TNF-α).The results indicated that ASP could effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of the infected hamsters,enhance the survival rate,ameliorate the pathological damage of the body,reduce the bacterial load in various organs,and mitigate tissue inflammation.This study demonstrated for the first time that ASP has a protective effect on leptospirosis,providing medication guidance for the clinical treatment of leptospirosis.

[Objective]To explore the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the prevention and treatment with moxibustion based on the theory of"excessive fire dispersing Qi,and mild fire generating Qi".[Methods]Based on the original text of The Inner Canon of Huangdi,the theoretical connotation of"excessive fire dispersing Qi,and mild fire generating Qi",and its relationship with the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the reinforcing and reducing of moxibustion were investigated.The application of moxibustion reinforcing and reducing,guided by classical theory,is established in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer,and illustrated with typical medical cases to substantiate the argument.[Results]The concept of"excessive fire dispersing Qi,and mild fire generating Qi"describes the impact of physiological and pathological fire on the body's genuine Qi.Mild fire is gentle in nature and helps to generate the body's genuine Qi,while excessive fire is intense and can consume the body's genuine Qi.Dampness,heat,blood stasis,and toxins,which are factors that induce prostate cancer,cancer toxins and western medical treatments such as surgery,radiotherapy and chemotherapy can all manifest as"excessive fire"pattern,consume the body's genuine Qi,which cause the course of prostate cancer to present in different stages,such as the initial formation of cancer toxins,deficiency of genuine Qi with toxin accumulation and Yang deficiency with cold stagnation.The moxibustion of reinforcing technique is relatively gentle and suitable in temperature,embodying the momentum of"mild fire",while the moxibustion of reducing technique is relatively intense and high in temperature to expel pathogens,similar to the fierce momentum of"excessive fire".Guiding the treatment of prostate cancer with moxibustion based on"excessive fire dispersing Qi",and"mild fire generating Qi"should focus on nourishing the mild fire and suppressing the excessive fire,using moxibustion of reinforcing to nourish the deficiency with"mild fire generating Qi",and using moxibustion of reducing to suppress cancer toxins and reduce the consumption of Qi dynamics,highlighting the therapeutic effect in disease prevention and treatment,as well as in improving the adverse reactions of western medical treatment.In the medical case mentioned,the patient suffered from urinary incontinence due to the damage to genuine Qi caused by surgery and the failure to consolidate and control it properly.The patient was comprehensively diagnosed with a deficiency of both the spleen and kidney.In the treatment,mild moxibustion was used to strengthen the spleen,warm the kidney,and replenish and consolidate Qi.Emphasis was also placed on the combination of moxibustion and herbal medicine.After two months of treatment,the symptoms were brought under stable control.[Conclusion]Under the guidance of the theory that"excessive fire dispersing Qi,while mild fire generating Qi",moxibustion techniques are flexibly selected in order to drain excess to suppress"excessive fire"and tonify deficiency to enhance"mild fire",which is well-suited to the complex pathogenesis of prostate cancer,which is characterized by a combination of deficiency and excess.This method provides an important reference for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

Objective:To develop a simple and effective subretinal injection pipeline system to enhance the accuracy and precision of subretinal injection volume control.Methods:A retrospective case series study. From May to October 2023, 18 patients (18 eyes) with submacular hemorrhage (SMH) who continuously received modified subretinal injection treatment in Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were included in the study. Among them, there were 10 males and 8 females. The mean age was (60.00±7.41) years. The primary causes included polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (14 cases), retinal macroaneurysm (2 cases), traumatic retinopathy (1 case), and Valsalva retinopathy (1 case). Hemorrhage affected 14 eyes of the fovea centralis. All affected eyes underwent standard three-channel 25G vitrectomy via the flat part of the ciliary body combined with modified subretinal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. The improved injection system consisted of a 1 ml syringe, a Q-Syte TM connector, a 41G subretinal microinjection needle, a converter and a viscoelastic substance control pipeline. The drug preparation time for subretinal injection (i.e., the time consumed by the system connection step), the injection time, whether bubbles occur during the injection process, and the perioperative complications were recorded and analyzed. Results:The preparation time prior to drug injection ranged from 230 to 335 seconds, while the injection completion time varied between 43 and 75 seconds. Both times decreased progressively as operator proficiency improved. Among the treated eyes, five received a target injection dose of 0.05 ml and thirteen received 0.10 ml, with all eyes achieving the preset dose accurately. No subretinal bubbles were observed during the injection procedure. Additionally, no intraoperative complications such as retinal hemorrhage or tear secondary to mechanical trauma at the injection site were recorded. Postoperatively, one eye developed anterior chamber hemorrhage, which resolved following intraocular pressure-lowering treatment. No other postoperative complications, including hemorrhage, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, or infection, were observed in the remaining eyes.Conclusion:The retinal drug injection system developed in this study has a simple structure, safe and stable operation, can achieve precise drug injection, and effectively avoid the formation of bubbles.

Microplastics(MPs)and nanoplastics(NPs)have become hazardous materials due to the massive amount of plastic waste and disposable masks,but their specific health effects remain uncertain.In this study,fluorescence-labeled polystyrene NPs(PS-NPs)were injected into the circulatory systems of mice to determine the distribution and potential toxic effects of NPs in vivo.Interestingly,whole-body imaging found that PS-NPs accumulated in the testes of mice.Therefore,the toxic effects of PS-NPs on the reproduction systems and the spermatocytes cell line of male mice,and their mechanisms,were investigated.After oral exposure to PS-NPs,their spermatogenesis was affected and the spermatogenic cells were damaged.The spermatocyte cell line GC-2 was exposed to PS-NPs and analyzed using RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)to determine the toxic mechanisms;a ferroptosis pathway was found after PS-NP exposure.The phenomena and indicators of ferroptosis were then determined and verified by ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1(Fer-1),and it was also found that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)played an important role in spermatogenic cell ferroptosis induced by PS-NPs.Finally,it was confirmed in vivo that this mechanism of Nrf2 played a protective role in PS-NPs-induced male reproductive toxicity.This study demonstrated that PS-NPs induce male reproductive dysfunction in mice by causing spermatogenic cell ferroptosis dependent on Nrf2.

As an important reproductive organ in women, ovary plays a vital role in maintaining reproductive health and quality of life. Ovarian aging refers to the decline of ovarian function and eventually failure, which not only leads to the decline of female fertility, but also accelerates female aging and causes a series of related diseases, which seriously threatens female reproductive health and quality of life. Therefore, elucidating the mechanism of ovarian aging and further exploring the anti-aging strategies of the ovary are of great significance for slowing down ovarian aging and maintaining female fertility. This article reviews and analyzes the relevant studies of ovarian aging at home and abroad, summarizes the relevant mechanisms of ovarian aging and puts forward the corresponding prevention and treatment strategies.