Objective To investigate whether Danshen injection (DSI) can protect human brain organoids from oxidative stress damage by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and its mechanism. Methods A Nrf2 plasmid was constructed, lentivirus was packaged and transfected into human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) to form a stable cell line. Brain organoids with Nrf2 overexpression (LV-Nrf2 group) and knockdown (sh-Nrf2 group) were constructed using kit. The transfection efficiency was verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. An oxidative stress injury model was established by inducing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Intervention was performed either in combination or without DSI pre-treatment. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), and the expression levels of Nrf2, malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin (IL)-1β, sex-determining region Y-box protein 2 (SOX2) and neuronal-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Total RNA from human brain organoids was extracted for transcriptome sequencing and analysis. Results LV-Nrf2 group and sh-Nrf2 group brain organoid models were successfully constructed. The CCK-8 results determined that the oxidative stress model was established with 32 mmol/L H₂O₂ intervention conditions. The fluorescence expression of Nrf2 in LV-Nrf2 group was higher than that in control group, and the fluorescence expressions of MDA and IL-1β were lower than those in control group; sh-Nrf2 group showed a damage phenotype of low Nrf2 expression, high MDA and IL-1β expression (all P < 0.05). Compared with H₂O₂ group, the Nrf2 signal in DSI + H₂O₂ group was stronger, and the levels of MDA and IL-1β were lower. Among them, the protective effect of LV-Nrf2 was the most significant. H₂O₂ treatment could down-regulate the protein levels of Nrf2, SOX2 and NeuN, and DSI intervention could effectively reverse the downward trend of these indicators. Sh-Nrf2 could weaken the recovery effect of DSI on SOX2 and NeuN, while LV-Nrf2 could synergistically enhance the regulatory effect of DSI. Conclusions DSI may antagonize oxidative stress damage in human brain organoids through the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and maintaining the stability of the neural cell lineage is its core therapeutic characteristic.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing（mNGS）in bone and joint infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria（NTM）.Methods:Clinical data of 175 patients with suspected NTM bone and joint infections admitted in Beijing Chest Hospital，Capital Medical University from January 2019 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Mycobacterium growth indicator tube（MGIT）method was used for mycobacterial culture on the bone tissue or abscess samples and mNGS test was performed on bone tissue samples in all patients. Taking clinical diagnosis as the gold standard，the sensitivity，specificity，positive predictive value，negative predictive value，positive likelihood ratio，and negative likelihood ratio of the two methods were compared.Results:Twenty-six patients（14.9%）were clinically diagnosed as NTM bone and joint infections. The mNGS showed higher sensitivity（100.0% vs. 57.7%，），specificity（99.3% vs. 86.6%），positive predictive value（96.3% vs. 42.9%），and negative predictive value（100.0% vs. 92.1%），compared to MGIT culture（all P<0.001）. The positive likelihood ratio（149.00 vs. 4.31）and negative likelihood ratio（0 vs. 0.49）of mNGS were also superior to those of MGIT. Conclusion:Compared to MGIT culture，mNGS has high diagnostic value in NTM bone and joint infections and can serve as an efficient and reliable method for clinical diagnosis.

This article reviews the application and future prospects of complement component 5 (C5) inhibitors in kidney transplantation for sensitized recipients. Kidney transplantation significantly improves the survival and quality of life for patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, donor kidney shortages and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization are major obstacles. HLA-sensitized candidates, particularly highly sensitized ones, face a significantly elevated risk of post-transplant rejection due to pre-existing HLA antibodies. Eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, inhibits rejection by preventing the cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex and suppressing complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Objective:To explore the efficacy of interventional therapy for transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) and the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of recipients after treatment.Methods:This is a retrospective case series study. Forty TRAS recipients who underwent interventional treatment at Zhengzhou University People's Hospital between April 2016 and April 2021 were included as the study group. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rates of the transplanted kidneys and recipients, and survival curves were plotted. The improvement in graft function and blood pressure after interventional therapy in the study group was further analyzed.Results:The 1- and 3-year graft survival rates in the study group after interventional therapy were 87.5% and 82.5%, respectively; the 1-, 2-, and 3-year recipient survival rates were all 100%. One month after interventional therapy, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistance index (RI) of the transplanted kidneys were (235.4±135.1) cm/s and 0.60±0.07, respectively, which were significantly different from the pre-treatment values [(482.8±180.6) cm/s and 0.52±0.12, respectively; both P<0.001]. Serum creatinine levels at 1, 2, and 3 years after interventional therapy were (166.6±93.7) μmol/L, (137.4±57.2) μmol/L, and (137.4±57.9) μmol/L, respectively, all significantly lower than the pre-treatment level [(242.9±156.8) μmol/L; P=0.001, P<0.001, and P<0.001, respectively]. Systolic blood pressure at 1, 2, and 3 years after treatment was (138.5±11.1) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), (134.0±12.0) mmHg, and (130.8±10.8) mmHg, respectively, all significantly lower than the pre-treatment value [(153.8±9.8) mmHg; all P<0.001]. Diastolic blood pressure at 1, 2, and 3 years after treatment was (84.4±9.9) mmHg, (83.7±10.1) mmHg, and (81.9±6.9) mmHg, respectively, all significantly lower than the pre-treatment value [(93.5±12.8) mmHg; P=0.002, P=0.001, and P<0.001, respectively]. Conclusions:Interventional therapy can enable the majority of kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with TRAS to avoid the need for further dialysis, and it has positive effects on both transplant renal function and blood pressure control.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing（mNGS）in bone and joint infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria（NTM）.Methods:Clinical data of 175 patients with suspected NTM bone and joint infections admitted in Beijing Chest Hospital，Capital Medical University from January 2019 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Mycobacterium growth indicator tube（MGIT）method was used for mycobacterial culture on the bone tissue or abscess samples and mNGS test was performed on bone tissue samples in all patients. Taking clinical diagnosis as the gold standard，the sensitivity，specificity，positive predictive value，negative predictive value，positive likelihood ratio，and negative likelihood ratio of the two methods were compared.Results:Twenty-six patients（14.9%）were clinically diagnosed as NTM bone and joint infections. The mNGS showed higher sensitivity（100.0% vs. 57.7%，），specificity（99.3% vs. 86.6%），positive predictive value（96.3% vs. 42.9%），and negative predictive value（100.0% vs. 92.1%），compared to MGIT culture（all P<0.001）. The positive likelihood ratio（149.00 vs. 4.31）and negative likelihood ratio（0 vs. 0.49）of mNGS were also superior to those of MGIT. Conclusion:Compared to MGIT culture，mNGS has high diagnostic value in NTM bone and joint infections and can serve as an efficient and reliable method for clinical diagnosis.

This article reviews the application and future prospects of complement component 5 (C5) inhibitors in kidney transplantation for sensitized recipients. Kidney transplantation significantly improves the survival and quality of life for patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, donor kidney shortages and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization are major obstacles. HLA-sensitized candidates, particularly highly sensitized ones, face a significantly elevated risk of post-transplant rejection due to pre-existing HLA antibodies. Eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, inhibits rejection by preventing the cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex and suppressing complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Objective:To explore the efficacy of interventional therapy for transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) and the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of recipients after treatment.Methods:This is a retrospective case series study. Forty TRAS recipients who underwent interventional treatment at Zhengzhou University People's Hospital between April 2016 and April 2021 were included as the study group. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rates of the transplanted kidneys and recipients, and survival curves were plotted. The improvement in graft function and blood pressure after interventional therapy in the study group was further analyzed.Results:The 1- and 3-year graft survival rates in the study group after interventional therapy were 87.5% and 82.5%, respectively; the 1-, 2-, and 3-year recipient survival rates were all 100%. One month after interventional therapy, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistance index (RI) of the transplanted kidneys were (235.4±135.1) cm/s and 0.60±0.07, respectively, which were significantly different from the pre-treatment values [(482.8±180.6) cm/s and 0.52±0.12, respectively; both P<0.001]. Serum creatinine levels at 1, 2, and 3 years after interventional therapy were (166.6±93.7) μmol/L, (137.4±57.2) μmol/L, and (137.4±57.9) μmol/L, respectively, all significantly lower than the pre-treatment level [(242.9±156.8) μmol/L; P=0.001, P<0.001, and P<0.001, respectively]. Systolic blood pressure at 1, 2, and 3 years after treatment was (138.5±11.1) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), (134.0±12.0) mmHg, and (130.8±10.8) mmHg, respectively, all significantly lower than the pre-treatment value [(153.8±9.8) mmHg; all P<0.001]. Diastolic blood pressure at 1, 2, and 3 years after treatment was (84.4±9.9) mmHg, (83.7±10.1) mmHg, and (81.9±6.9) mmHg, respectively, all significantly lower than the pre-treatment value [(93.5±12.8) mmHg; P=0.002, P=0.001, and P<0.001, respectively]. Conclusions:Interventional therapy can enable the majority of kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with TRAS to avoid the need for further dialysis, and it has positive effects on both transplant renal function and blood pressure control.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms combined with electroacupuncture in the treatment of acute cervical radiculopathy(CR)with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome;To evaluate the synergistic effect and safety of neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms.Methods Totally 132 CR patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis type in acute stage were randomly divided into treatment group(66 cases)and control group(66 cases).The treatment group was treated with electroacupuncture combined with neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms,and the control group was treated with electroacupuncture combined with placebo.Both groups were treated once a day for 5 days and then rested for 2 days for 3 weeks,and follow-up was performed at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment.Clinical efficacy of both groups was observed.The short-form McGill pain questionnaire(SF-MPQ)score,neck disability index(NDI)score,and the F-wave conduction velocity of the median nerve and ulnar nerve were compared before and after treatment and at follow-up.Results 5 and 7 cases were lost in the treatment group and the control group,respectively.The total effective rate of the treatment group was 91.80%(56/61),and the recovery rate was 36.07%(22/61).The total effective rate of the control group was 84.75%(50/59),and the recovery rate was 18.65%(11/59).The difference in recovery rates between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with before treatment,the SF-MPQ score and NDI score in both groups improved significantly(P<0.05)after treatment and at 1 and 2 weeks of follow-up,and the F-wave conduction velocity of the median and ulnar nerves increased significantly(P<0.05)after treatment.Comparison between two groups at the same time points showed that the SF-MPQ score and NDI score of the treatment group were better than those of the control group(P<0.05)after treatment and at 1 and 2 weeks of follow-up,and the F-wave conduction velocity of the median and ulnar nerves was faster than that of the control group(P<0.05)after treatment.There were no serious adverse reactions in the two groups.Conclusion Neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms combined with electroacupuncture can improve the clinical symptoms of CR with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome in acute stage.Electroacupuncture plus neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms can speed up the recovery process of the disease,which has synergistic effect.

Radical cystectomy combined with pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard procedure for the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer and complex non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Our department has routinely carried out laparoscopic radical cystectomy(ELRC)through the extraperitoneal approach in 340 cases.This article summarizes the establishment of the peritoneal space,the expansion of the peritoneal space,the operation steps of bladder resection and lymph node dissection through the peritoneal channel,and how to shorten the operation time and reduce the difficulty of the operation.During the surgery,the bladder is removed periperitoneally without destroying the peritoneum to preserve the functions of peritoneum support,secretion,protection and lubrication,which has little impact on the abdominal organs,reduces the incidence of complications,and provides favorable conditions for subsequent treatment.

Implantable collamer lenses (ICL) implantation provides a new method for the treatment of children with high myopia, anisometropia and amblyopia, who may be spectacle aversive and unsuited to contact lens wear and corneal refractive surgery.Surgery can improve children's uncorrected visual acuity, increase contrast sensitivity, promote mental health and improve quality of life.This treatment has a significant effect on amblyopia.After ICL implantation, the refractive state is highly stable, and the stability is better than small incision lenticule extraction and laser subepithelial keratomileusis.The selection of ICL size and power is critical to the success of surgery, and preoperative prediction of vault should be made in consideration of children's eye development.Perioperative anesthesia, incision method as well as type, amount and duration of postoperative medication are different from those of adults.Furthermore, common postoperative complications in children include pupillary block glaucoma, elevation of intraocular pressure, loss of corneal endothelial cells, wound leak, and traumatic dislocation of the ICL.Implantation of ICL in children is a staged treatment during the sensitive period of refractive development.After the refractive development of both eyes is stabilized, refractive errors can be corrected by other methods.This article reviews the advantages of ICL implantation in the treatment of children with high myopia and amblyopia, and focuses on ICL selection, postoperative complications and remaining problems, to provide a reference for clinical application.