The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement aims to enhance the quality of reporting for randomized controlled trial (RCT) by providing a minimum item checklist. It was first published in 1996, and updated in 2001 and 2010, respectively. The latest version was released in April 2025, continuously reflecting new evidence, methodological advancements, and user feedback. CONSORT 2025 includes 30 essential checklist items and a template for a participant flow diagram. The main changes to the checklist include the addition of 7 items, revision of 3 items, and deletion of 1 item, as well as the integration of multiple key extensions. This article provides a comprehensive interpretation of the statement, aiming to help clinical trial staff, journal editors, and reviewers fully understand the essence of CONSORT 2025, correctly apply it in writing RCT reports and evaluating RCT quality, and provide guidance for conducting high-level RCT research in China.

As the volume of medical research using large language models (LLM) surges, the need for standardized and transparent reporting standards becomes increasingly critical. In January 2025, Nature Medicine published statement titled by TRIPOD-LLM reporting guideline for studies using large language models. This represents the first comprehensive reporting framework specifically tailored for studies that develop prediction models based on LLM. It comprises a checklist with 19 main items (encompassing 50 sub-items), a flowchart, and an abstract checklist (containing 12 items). This article provides an interpretation of TRIPOD-LLM’s development methods, primary content, scope, and the specific details of its items. The goal is to help researchers, clinicians, editors, and healthcare decision-makers to deeply understand and correctly apply TRIPOD-LLM, thereby improving the quality and transparency of LLM medical research reporting and promoting the standardized and ethical integration of LLM into healthcare.

Adolescent depression is increasingly recognized as a serious mental health disorder with distinct clinical and molecular features. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we identified cell-specific transcriptomic changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), particularly in astrocytes, of adolescent macaques exhibiting depressive-like behaviors. The level of diacylglycerol kinase beta was significantly reduced in neurons and glial cells of depressed macaques, while FKBP5 levels increased in glial cells. Disruption of GABAergic synapses and disruption of D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism were linked to depressive phenotypes in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and subtypes of astrocytes. Communication pathways between astrocytes and D1/D2-MSNs were also disrupted, involving factors like bone morphogenetic protein-6 and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase-4. Bulk transcriptomic and proteomic analyses corroborated these findings, and FKBP5 upregulation was confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence in the NAc of rats and macaques with chronic unpredictable mild stress. Our results highlight the specific roles of different cell types in adolescent depression in the NAc, offering potential targets for new antidepressant therapies.
Animals ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism* ; Male ; Transcriptome ; Depression/genetics* ; Astrocytes/metabolism* ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Rats

Objective:To investigate the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 12(CSPG4P12)in the small cell lung cancer(SCLC)tissue,its relationship with immune infiltration,and its effect on cell biological functions,and to clarify its effect in the occurrence and development of SCLC.Methods:The E-GEOD-60052 cohort was obtained by searching the ArrayExpress database for SCLC.The R language Bioconductor package was used to complete data filtering standardization,and 63 samples of SCLC tumor tissues and 7 samples of normal tissues were obtained.The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the difference in CSPG4P12 expression levels between two groups.Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the associations between CSPG4P12 expression levels and 47 immune checkpoint genes.The ESTIMATE algorithm and CIBERSORT algorithm were used to evaluate the correlations between CSPG4P12 expression and tumor immune cell infiltration.A case-control study was used to analyze the clinical data.A total of 230 patients with SCLC were selected as case group,and 230 healthy subjects were selected as control group.The genotyping of CSPG4P12 rs2880765,rs6496932 and rs8040855 was performed using TaqMan-MGB fluorescent probe labeling method.Odds ratio(OR)and 95％confidence interval(CI)were calculated by unconditional Logistic regression model to analyze the association between polymorphic genetic variation of CSPG4P12 gene and the risk of SCLC.The SCLC DMS114 cells were transfected with pUC-57 plasmid(control group)and CSPG4P12 over-expression plasmid(OV-CSPG4P12 group),respectively.The efficiencies of CSPG4P12 over-expression in two groups were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)method was used to detect the cell proliferation activities of cells in two groups.Transwell chamber assay was used to detect the numbers of migration and invasion cells in two groups,respectively.Hoechst 33342 fluorescence staining was used to observe the cell apoptosis in two groups.Results:The ArrayExpress database E-GEOD-60052 cohort analysis showed that the expression level of CSPG4P12 mRNA in SCLC tissue was decreased compared with normal tissue(P＜0.001).The expression of CSPG4P12 had positive correlations with the immune checkpoint genes including leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1(LAIR1)(r=0.47,P＜0.001),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)receptor superfamily member 9(TNFRSF9)(r=0.38,P＜0.01),and TNF superfamily member 9(TNFSF9)(r=0.44,P＜0.001).The ESTIMATE algorithm results showed that the matrix score,immune score and ESTIMATE composite score of the patients in CSPG4P12 low expression group were lower than those in CSPG4P12 high expression group(P＜0.01).The CIBERSORT algorithm results showed that compared with CSPG4P12 high expression group,the infiltration of M0 macrophages in CSPG4P12 low expression group was increased(P＜0.05)and the infiltration of mast cells resting was decreased(P＜0.05).The CSPG4P12 expression level had positive correlations with infiltration of mast cells resting(r=0.35,P=0.03)and mononuclear cell infiltration(r=0.34,P=0.034).In case-control studies,compared with AA genotype,CSPG4P12 rs2880765 AT and TT genotype carriers had a higher risk of SCLC(OR=1.68,95％CI=1.15-2.45,P＜0.01).The stratified analysis showed that genetic variation of rs2880765 A＞T increased the risk of SCLC in the male,younger age group(≤60 years)and smoking subgroups(males:OR=1.86,95％CI=1.18-2.93,P＜0.01;≤60 years:OR=1.73,95％CI=1.11-2.68,P＜0.01;smoking:OR=2.76,95％CI=1.49-5.13,P=0.001).The cell biology experiment showed that compared with control group,the proliferation abilities of the cells in OV-CSPG4P12 group were significantly decreased at 48 and 72 h(P＜0.01),while the number of migration cells at 24 h was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),the number of apoptotic cells at 24 h was increased(P＜0.05)and the number of invasion cells at 48 h was significantly decreased(P＜0.01).Conclusion:CSPG4P12 is lowly expressed in SCLC tumor tissue,which is associated with immune infiltration.The genetic variation of CSPG4P12 rs2880765 A＞T can increase the risk of SCLC,and its over-expression can inhibit cell proliferation,migration and invasion,and promote apoptosis.

Objective:To discuss the causal association between sterol esters and intrahepatic duct,biliary tract,and gallbladder malignancies using two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis,and to clarify the biological mechanisms of sterol esters,and to provide the a basis for early prevention and treatment of these malignancies.Methods:The instrumental variable data for 15 different types of sterol ester traits were obtained from the Finnish database(FinnGen).The genome-wide association study(GWAS)data for intrahepatic duct,biliary tract,and gallbladder malignancies were retrieved from the GWAS database using the keywords"sterol ester"and"intrahepatic duct,biliary tract,and gallbladder malignancies"(accession numbers:ICD-O-3 and GCST90277238-GCST9027725).The inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method,MR-Egger regression,and weighted median(WM)method were used to assess the causal association between sterol esters and the risk of these malignancies.Pleiotropy was tested using the MR-Egger intercept method;heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test;and sensitivity analysis was performed using the leave-one-out approach to comprehensively assess the reliability and robustness of the results.Results:The IVW analysis results showed that Sterol ester(27:1/14:0)odds ratio(OR)=2.349,95%confidence interval(CI)=1.371-4.025,P=0.002),Sterol ester(27:1/16:0)(OR=1.248,95%CI=1.018-1.523,P=0.033),Sterol ester(27:1/18:2)(OR=1.361,95%CI=1.078-1.718,P=0.009),and Sterol ester(27:1/22:6)(OR=1.339,95%CI=1.001-1.791,P=0.049)were associated with an increased risk of intrahepatic duct,biliary tract,and gallbladder malignancies.The MR-Egger regression analysis results indicated that Sterol ester(27:1/18:2)(OR=2.038,95%CI=1.337-3.105,P=0.011)was a risk factor for these malignancies.The WM analysis results revealed that Sterol ester(27:1/14:0)(OR=2.786,95%CI=1.419-5.468,P=0.003)and Sterol ester(27:1/18:2)(OR=1.548,95%CI=1.148-2.088,P=0.004)were also risk factors.The MR-Egger intercept analysis and Cochran's Q test results indicated no significant horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity.The leave-one-out sensitivity analysis did not identify any influential outlier single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs),confirming the reliability of the study.Conclusion:Sterol ester(27:1/14:0),Sterol ester(27:1/16:0),Sterol ester(27:1/18:2),and Sterol ester(27:1/22:6)exhibit causal associations with intrahepatic duct,biliary tract,and gallbladder malignancies and may promote their development.

Intestinal aging is central to systemic aging, characterized by a progressive decline in intestinal structure and function. The core mechanisms involve dysregulation of epithelial cell renewal and gut microbiota dysbiosis. In addition to previous results in model organisms like Drosophila melanogaster, recent studies have shown that in mammalian models, aging causes increased intestinal permeability and intestinal-derived systemic inflammation, thereby affecting longevity. Therefore, anti-intestinal aging can be an important strategy for reducing frailty and promoting longevity. There are three key gaps remaining in the study of intestinal aging: (1) overemphasis on aging-related diseases rather than the primary aging mechanisms; (2) lack of specific drugs or treatments to prevent or treat intestinal aging; (3) limited aging-specific dysbiosis research. In this review, the basic structures and renewal mechanisms of intestinal epithelium, and mechanisms and potential therapies for intestinal aging are discussed to advance understanding of the causes, consequences, and treatments of age-related intestinal dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of Danzhi Jiangtang Capsule (DZJTC) for repairing renal vascular endothelial injury in rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS: Fifty male SD rat models of DN, established by left nephrectomy, high-sugar and high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection, were randomized into DN model group, low-, medium-, and high-dose DZJTC treatment groups, and DAPT (a γ-secretase inhibitor) treatment group, with 10 rats with normal feeding as the control group. DZJTC was administered by daily gavage at 0.315, 0.63, or 1.26 g/kg, and DAPT (20 mg/kg, dissolved in 50% CMC-Na solution) was given by gavage every other day for 4 weeks; normal saline was given in the control and model groups. After treatment, the levels of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and microalbuminuria (mALB) were detected with ELISA, and renal pathologies were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Renal expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured by immunohistochemistry, and the protein expressions of CD31 and Notch signaling pathway components were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS: The rat models of DN showed significantly increased CRE, BUN, and mALB levels, obvious renal pathologies under electron microscopy, increased renal VEGF, ET-1 and CD31 expressions, and upregulated Notch1, NICD, and MAML1 protein levels. Treatment with DZJTC at the 3 doses and DAPT significantly reduced CRE, BUN, and mALB levels, improved renal pathology, decreased VEGF, ET-1 and CD31 expressions, and lowered Notch1, NICD and MAML1 levels, and the effects were the most pronounced with high-dose DZJTC. CONCLUSIONS DZJTC ameliorates hyperproliferation and dysfunction of renal vascular endothelium in DN rats possibly by regulating renal VEGF and ET-1 levels via inhibiting NICD- and MAML1-mediated Notch signaling pathway.
Animals ; Male ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy* ; Receptor, Notch1/metabolism* ; Kidney/blood supply* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; Down-Regulation ; Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism* ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism*

BACKGROUND:Photoresponsive nanomaterials offer the combined advantages of nanomaterials and the unique benefits of light responsiveness.They find extensive applications in biomedical fields like tissue regeneration,biological imaging,disease diagnosis,drug delivery,and targeted therapy,making them a research hotspot in the field of functional materials.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the advantages and research progress of photoresponsive nanomaterials in bone tissue regeneration.METHODS:CNKI and PubMed databases were searched using the main English search terms"light-responsive,photoresponsive,nanomaterials,bone defect,bone regeneration,osteogenesis,osseointegration"and main Chinese search terms"light-responsive,nanomaterials,bone defect,bone regeneration,osseointegration."Relevant literature was selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria,resulting in the inclusion of 59 articles for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The surface morphology of photoresponsive nanomaterials can promote bone tissue regeneration by directly modulating the gene expression and biological behavior of osteoblasts and indirectly regulating immune-related cells behavior.Photoresponsive nanomaterials can be utilized for photothermal and photodynamic antibacterial purposes to facilitate the repair of infectious bone defects.Mild photothermal stimulation generated by photoresponsive nanomaterials can effectively enhance osteogenesis by upregulating the expression and functionality of osteogenic-related genes and proteins.Photoresponsive nanomaterials can produce electrons under light exposure,thereby achieving non-invasive promotion of bone tissue regeneration by modulating local cellular potential changes.Drug release systems based on photoresponsive nanomaterials can undergo structural changes under specific light sources to promote drug release,providing targeted therapeutic strategies for bone tissue regeneration.

Objective:To analyze and elaborate on the concept connotation of fertility preservation, so as to provide guidance for clinical nursing practice.Methods:Research on fertility preservation was retrieved from databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. The search period was from the establishment of the database to January 31, 2025. Literature was selected based on inclusion criteria and analyzed using Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis method.Results:A total of 43 articles were included. The conceptual attributes of fertility preservation encompassed five aspects, including targeting individuals with reproductive needs, prioritizing prevention, covering multi-level medical interventions, relying on assisted reproductive technologies for preservation, and being oriented toward enhancing fertility capacity and quality. The implementation of fertility preservation was influenced by demographic factors, disease factors, medical resources, and cultural factors. The anticipated outcomes included not only delayed childbirth but also improved in patients' mental health, quality of life, and interpersonal relationships. However, this may also raise ethical concerns.Conclusions:Fertility preservation plays a vital role in maintaining birth rates and enhancing population quality. Defining the concept of fertility preservation helps healthcare providers understand its essence and provides a reference for developing scientifically grounded fertility preservation programs.

As the location with special public health environments,funeral parlors are of paramount importance in the prevention and control of infectious diseases as well as disinfection practices.This paper analyzes the unique hy-gienic characteristics of funeral parlors,summarizes relevant laws,regulations,standards,and literatures in funeral parlors at home and abroad,and elaborates the problems relevant to infection prevention and control in funeral par-lors from perspectives of body disposal risks,microbial contamination characteristics in funeral parlors,and the current status of staff's knowledge on infectious diseases.It aims to enhance the professional prevention and control capabilities of funeral service personnel and management personnel,ensure the health and safety of service recipients and staff,optimize service quality,provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for forming a sound infectious disease prevention and control system for funeral service institutions,and clarify research directions for the preven-tion and control of infectious diseases in funeral parlors in the future.