Objective:To explore the relationship between autistic trait and pain empathy among college students, as well as the mediating role of personal pain perception.Methods:From October to December 2023, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 195 college students using the autism spectrum quotient, pain sensitivity questionnaire, fear of pain questionnaire, pain catastrophizing scale and empathy for pain scale.SPSS 27.0 software was used for descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.A structural equation model was constructed using Mplus 8.3 to examine the mediating effect of personal pain perception, which was composed of pain sensitivity, fear and catastrophizing cognition.Results:Autistic trait(22.00(18.00, 26.00))was significantly positively correlated with pain sensitivity (55.00(43.00, 70.00)), fair of pain (69.00(60.00, 78.00)), and pain catastrophizing cognition (16.00(8.00, 23.00)) ( r=0.112, 0.154, 0.204, all P<0.001).Autistic trait was also significantly positively correlated with affective distress(62.00(46.00, 80.00), r=0.162, P<0.001) and vicarious pain (14.00(8.00, 20.00), r=0.096, P<0.001) of pain empathy.Pain sensitivity, fear of pain and pain catastrophizing cognition were significantly positively correlated with affective distress( r=0.244, 0.332, 0.375, all P<0.001) and vicarious pain ( r=0.210, 0.232, 0.285, all P<0.001) of pain empathy.The effects of autistic trait on affective distress and vicarious pain dimensions of pain empathy were fully mediated by personal pain perception, with the mediating effects of 0.115( P<0.001, 95% CI=0.073-0.165) and 0.085( P<0.001, 95% CI=0.053-0.124). Conclusions:The autistic trait of college students can predict the affective distress and vicarious pain of pain empathy indirectly through personal pain perception.

Objective:To explore the relationship between autistic trait and pain empathy among college students, as well as the mediating role of personal pain perception.Methods:From October to December 2023, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 195 college students using the autism spectrum quotient, pain sensitivity questionnaire, fear of pain questionnaire, pain catastrophizing scale and empathy for pain scale.SPSS 27.0 software was used for descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.A structural equation model was constructed using Mplus 8.3 to examine the mediating effect of personal pain perception, which was composed of pain sensitivity, fear and catastrophizing cognition.Results:Autistic trait(22.00(18.00, 26.00))was significantly positively correlated with pain sensitivity (55.00(43.00, 70.00)), fair of pain (69.00(60.00, 78.00)), and pain catastrophizing cognition (16.00(8.00, 23.00)) ( r=0.112, 0.154, 0.204, all P<0.001).Autistic trait was also significantly positively correlated with affective distress(62.00(46.00, 80.00), r=0.162, P<0.001) and vicarious pain (14.00(8.00, 20.00), r=0.096, P<0.001) of pain empathy.Pain sensitivity, fear of pain and pain catastrophizing cognition were significantly positively correlated with affective distress( r=0.244, 0.332, 0.375, all P<0.001) and vicarious pain ( r=0.210, 0.232, 0.285, all P<0.001) of pain empathy.The effects of autistic trait on affective distress and vicarious pain dimensions of pain empathy were fully mediated by personal pain perception, with the mediating effects of 0.115( P<0.001, 95% CI=0.073-0.165) and 0.085( P<0.001, 95% CI=0.053-0.124). Conclusions:The autistic trait of college students can predict the affective distress and vicarious pain of pain empathy indirectly through personal pain perception.

Objective:To evaluate the proper blood collection time and calculation formula by measuring the iohexol plasma clearance as a representative of glomerular filtration rate at the same time of routine enhanced computed tomography (CT) examination.Methods:The prospective study method was applied, and 9 subjects with normal renal function, who admitted in Civil Aviation General Hospital from September 2018 to June 2019, were included. A single bolus of a standard dose (5 ml) (iodine concentration: 350 mgI/ml) was injected. The concentration of iohexol was measured from heparin plasma at fasting state of the subject and at nine different times after the injection, respectively. More than 24 hours after the injection of the standard dose, an enhanced CT-level dose (50 ml) of iohexol was injected to the subject and the concentration of iohexol was measured at similar time points as the standard dose. Using a multi-point method of a standard dose as the standard, the clearance rate was calculated by three kinds of formulas including Groth and Aasted formula, Jacobsson formula and Fleming formula with the single-point method to assess iohexol plasma clearance at 0.5 to 8.0 hours post injection of enhanced CT-level dose. The correlation consistency and accuracy of the multi-point method and the single-point method, as well as the dual-point method and the single-point method were compared, and the proper blood collection time and calculation formula of the single-point method at regular enhanced CT-level dose were evaluated. The correlation between the multi-point method and the single-point method, as well as the dual-point method and the single-point method were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient; the consistency between the multi-point method and the single-point method, as well as the dual-point method and the single-point method were assessed by bias using mean±standard deviation ( SD) and 95% confidence interval ( CI) of mean difference and so on. We assessed the concordance of GFR using GFR±5% ( P5),±10% ( P10) and 1±30% ( P30) intervals. Results:Compared with the multi-point method, the mean deviation of iohexol plasma clearance obtained by the three single-point methods increased gradually from 5 hours after the injection of iohexol ( P<0.05). Compared with the multi-point method, only 3 h results, which was calculated by the Groth and Aasted formula, reached a P value greater than 0.05, a correlation coefficient of 0.938, a mean deviation of (-5.2±8.8) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2, and the concordances were 100% corresponding to P30,77.8% corresponding to P10, and 66.7% corresponding to P5; the 2, 3 and 4 hours results, which was calculated by the Jacobsson formula, reached P values greater than 0.05, when the blood collection time was 3 hours, the correlation coefficient was 0.938, and the mean deviation was the smallest, which was (1.5±6.2) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2, and the concordances were 100% corresponding to P30, 88.9% corresponding to P10, and 66.7% corresponding to P5; the 2 and 3 hours results, which was calculated by the Fleming formula, reached P values greater than 0.05, when the blood collection time was 2 h, the correlation coefficient was 0.956, and the mean deviation was the smallest, which was (-4.5±8.8) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2, and the concordances were 100% corresponding to P30, 77.8% corresponding to P10, and 55.6% corresponding to P5,Compared with the dual-point method, when Groth or Aasted formula was used, the mean deviation was the smallest at 3 hours, which was (-5.3±5.7) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2; when Jacobsson formula was used, the mean deviation was the smallest at 2 hours, which was (1.6±1.6) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2; when Fleming formula was used, and the mean deviation was the smallest at 2 hours, which was (-4.6±4.0) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2. Conclusion:At a regular enhanced CT-level dose, one blood collection can accurately measure the glomerular filtration rate, the proper time for blood collection can be 3 hours after iohexol injection, and the appropriate calculation formula can be Jacobsson formula.