Objective To understand the current risk factors of hepatitis B virus(HBV) transmission in Jilin City, in order to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.Methods A total of 111 patients with hepatitis B were randomly selected as the case group from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during the period from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022 in Jilin City, at the same time, one family member of every patient who lived in the same household and was not infected with HBV was selected as the control group. A retrospective questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on demographic characteristics, clinical information, hepatitis B vaccination history, knowledge of HBV transmission, and potential infection risk behaviors inside and outside the family. The related factors of HBV infection were analyzed by using χ2 test, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression models.Results The case and control groups were comparable in demographic characteristics. In the case group, 55. 86% were HBsAg positive,21. 88% had abnormal liver function, and 14. 41% had clinical symptoms. The definite vaccination rate of hepatitis B vaccine in the case group(5. 41%) was lower than that in the control group(11. 71%). The overall accurate awareness rate of the two groups for HBV transmission routes was only 45. 50%, and 82. 89% of the patients did not know the source of their own infection or had misconceptions. Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors for transmission within the family included sharing toothbrushes(OR = 6. 363, P = 0. 011) and tooth cups(OR = 4. 253, P = 0. 004), and the protective factor was complete vaccination(OR = 0. 028, P = 0. 001). Risk factors for out-of-family transmission included a history of oral cavity(OR = 6. 075, P = 0. 014), a history of other diseases(OR = 3. 178, P = 0. 008), and a history of acupuncture(OR =1. 693, P = 0. 016) and beauty treatment(OR = 1. 657, P = 0. 033). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis determined that the dental history(OR = 5. 075, 95% CI: 1. 665-10. 587) and other medical history(OR = 2. 178, 95% CI: 2. 050-5. 633)were risk factors for HBV infection, while having a history of vaccination was a protective factor(OR = 0. 609, 95% CI: 0. 388-1. 081).Conclusion The vaccination rate of hepatitis B vaccine and the awareness rate of prevention and control knowledge of adult hepatitis B patients and their families in Jilin City had been both low. Sharing personal hygiene products(toothbrushes and tooth cups) in the family and invasive medical services and beauty behaviors outside the family(such as dental treatment and acupuncture) are important risk factors for local HBV transmission. Hepatitis B vaccination is an effective protective measure. According to these risk factors, health education and behavioral intervention for key populations should be strengthened, and the vaccination coverage rate of hepatitis B vaccine should be improved.

The armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5) gene is part of a family of protein-coding genes that are rich in armadillo repeat sequences, are ubiquitously present in eukaryotes, and mediate interactions between proteins, playing roles in various cellular processes. Current research has demonstrated that reduced expression or absence of the ARMC5 gene in various tumor tissues can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, thereby inducing a range of diseases. The ARMC5 gene was initially extensively studied in the context of bilateral macronodular adrenocortical disease (BMAD), with harmful pathogenic variants in ARMC5 identified in approximately 50% of BMAD patients. With advancing research, scientists have discovered that ARMC5 pathogenic variants may also have potential effects on other diseases and could be associated with increased susceptibility to certain cancers. This review aims to present the latest research progress on how the ARMC5 gene plays its role in tumors. It outlines the basic structure of ARMC5 and the regions where it functions, as well as the diseases currently proven to be associated with ARMC5. Moreover, some evidence suggests its relation to embryonic development and the regulation of immune system activity. In conclusion, the ARMC5 gene is a crucial focal point in genetic and medical research. Understanding its function and regulation is of great importance for the development of new therapeutic strategies related to diseases associated with its pathogenic variants.
Humans ; Neoplasms/genetics* ; Armadillo Domain Proteins/genetics* ; Animals ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics* ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics*

A case of idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis is reported. The patient was a middle-aged female, with the course of disease more than 1 year. Clinical manifestations included recurrent fever,headache and backache, and the magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse enhancement and thickening of the spinal dura mater. Dural biopsy pathology finally confirmed hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis. After treatment with surgery and immunotherapy, the patient′s clinical symptoms improved.

Thyroid cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in the endocrine system, and its incidence is increasing year by year. At present, the main diagnostic methods for thyroid cancer are ultrasound and thyroid puncture cytology. However, due to low sensitivity and/or specificity, it is increasingly difficult to meet the current clinical diagnostic needs. The discovery of biomarkers in thyroid cancer provides important clues for the diagnosis, pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease. As one of the essential trace elements in human body, iodine is closely related to the thyroid gland. Clarifying the relationship between iodine nutritional status and biomarkers of thyroid cancer has important practical significance for the diagnosis, pathogenesis and prognosis of thyroid cancer. Based on the research of systems biology, this article analyzes the influence of iodine nutritional status on biomarkers of thyroid cancer from four aspects of gene, transcription, protein and metabolism,

The massive loss of oligodendrocytes caused by various pathological factors is a basic feature of many demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Based on a variety of studies, it is now well established that impairment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate and remyelinate axons is a vital event in the failed treatment of demyelinating diseases. Recent evidence suggests that Foxg1 is essential for the proliferation of certain precursors and inhibits premature neurogenesis during brain development. To date, very little attention has been paid to the role of Foxg1 in the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs in demyelinating diseases of the CNS. Here, for the first time, we examined the effects of Foxg1 on demyelination and remyelination in the brain using a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model. In this work, 7-week-old Foxg1 conditional knockout and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a diet containing 0.2% CPZ w/w for 5 weeks, after which CPZ was withdrawn to enable remyelination. Our results demonstrated that, compared with WT mice, Foxg1-knockout mice exhibited not only alleviated demyelination but also accelerated remyelination of the demyelinated corpus callosum. Furthermore, we found that Foxg1 knockout decreased the proliferation of OPCs and accelerated their differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Wnt signaling plays a critical role in development and in a variety of diseases. GSK-3β, a key regulatory kinase in the Wnt pathway, regulates the ability of β-catenin to enter nuclei, where it activates the expression of Wnt target genes. We then used SB216763, a selective inhibitor of GSK-3β activity, to further demonstrate the regulatory mechanism by which Foxg1 affects OPCs in vitro. The results showed that SB216763 clearly inhibited the expression of GSK-3β, which abolished the effect of the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs caused by the knockdown of Foxg1. These results suggest that Foxg1 is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs through the Wnt signaling pathway. The present experimental results are some of the first to suggest that Foxg1 is a new therapeutic target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases of the CNS.

Objective: To investigate the molecular characterization of adult diarrhea cases caused by enterotoxic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and explore the practical model of epidemiology for laboratory technique and data needs based on the surveillance network. Methods: Epidemiological design and sampling targeted adult cases ETEC caused diarrhea in epidemic season. The enterotoxin type, serogroup, resistance, colonization factor and molecular type of ETEC were identified. Multiple dynamic phenotypic characteristics of ETEC were indicated by multidimensional and multivariable data. Results: From 2016 to 2018, 84 eligible ETEC strains were detected. The dominant serums/toxins were O∶6 (STh), O∶25 (LT), O∶159 (STh), O∶153 (STh). O∶6 (STh+CS21), which replaced O∶25 and O∶159 as the popular clones in 2018. Six cases of O∶153 (STh+CFA/I+CS8+PT34) in outbreak in 2017 were imported ones. The resistance rates of ETEC strains detected in adults to sulfasoxazole, naproxinic acid, ampicillin and azithromycin were more than 30%, multidrug resistance (MDR) reached 58.3%. Serum/toxin types suggested that attenuated strains were more likely to become MDR. Molecular typing confirmed that the genetic similarity of the dominant clone of O∶6 serogroup (PT20-24) was higher than O∶25 and O∶159. There was a high correlation between the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin and the resistant gene mphA (87.5%, 28/32). O∶6 (STh+CS21+mphA) resistant clone was first detected in 2016. Conclusion A new epidemic clone in adult ETEC diarrhea cases in Shanghai was O∶6 (STh+CS21+mphA). For the first time the association between azithromycin resistance gene mphA and a serum group of ETEC was observed. Multidimensional and multivariate analysis techniques based on epidemiology can help reveal the potential transmission pattern of ETEC for the accurate surveillance and early warning of outbreaks.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics for hypertensive attack during operation and clinical experience of preoperative evaluation and preparation in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma(PHEO/PGL).Methods A total 219 PHEO/PGL cases from September 2016 to September 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.It included 99 males and 120 females,aged 13 to 76 (average 47) years old.The mean diameter of tumor was 5.3 cm (1.5-18.0 cm).140 cases were unilateral PHEO,6 cases were bilateral PHEO,68 cases were PGL(jugular,mediaphragm,heart,retroperitoneum,pelvic and bladder) and 5 cases were PHEO combined with PGL.Preoperative highest systolic blood pressure (SBP)was 240 mmHg(1 mmHg-0.133 kPa) and highest diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 160 mmHg.20 cases were occult PHEO without hypertension.217 cases accepted preoperative preparation of alpha-blocker [phenoxy-benzamine,dosage ranging from 5 mg Q12h to 40 mg Q8h,maximum dosage not exceeding 1 mg/(kg· 24 h)].2 cases did not accept preoperative preparation.All cases accepted open or endoscope surgery.The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence or absence of hypertensive attack at the time of surgery.Patient demographic characteristics and preoperative evaluations were assessed for their prognostic relevance with respect to hypertensive attack.Results Histopathological results showed that all cases were PHEO or PGL,while 205 cases were benign,14 cases were malignant.Hypertensive attack were recorded in 112 cases(51％).The diameter of tumors in the hypertensive attack group were larger than that in the non-hypertensive attack group[(6.70 ± 2.95)cm vs.(3.95 ± 1.70) cm,P =0.005].There was no significant difference between the two groups among age [(51.0 ± 10.8) years vs.(38.5 ± 17.6) years,P =0.105],preoperative catecholamine level [norepinephrine (111.20 ± 41.49) μg/24 h vs.(419.15 ± 154.81) μg/24 h,P =0.075],time of use of alpha blockers [(53.0 ± 7.5) d vs.(38.0 ± 6.4) d,P =0.139],daily dosage of alpha blocker [(40.0 ±7.2)mg vs.(27.1 ± 1.8) mg,P =0.111] and blood pressure at diagnosis[(173.75 ± 26.69) mmHg vs.(155.0 ± 20.75) mmHg,P =0.139].Among 219 cases,2 case had emergency hemostasis after operation,1 case had catecholamine cardiomyopathy after operation for occult pheochromocytoma,and no perioperative death occurred.Conclusions Patients with large tumor tend to have hypertensive attack during operation so that should be better prepared.

Objective To investigate the death of MHD patients with different blood phosphorus variability.Methods The clinical data of seventy-four cases of MHD patients with more than 3 months dialysis age in the hemodialysis center of Chaozhou Central Hospital from January 2014 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The general data and laboratory biochemical indexes were collected and according to the difference in coefficient of variation (CV),the patients were divided into two groups:high blood phosphorus variability group (CV≥0.226 mmol/L) and low blood phosphorus variability group (CV ＜0.226 mmol/L).The relationship between the coefficient of variation and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in MHD patients was analyzed.Results Among all selected patients,all-cause mortality rate was 22.9％ (17/24),12.2％ (9/74) died of cardiovascular disease,and the all-cause mortality 34.2％ (13/38)in the high blood phosphorus variability group was significantly higher than that in the other one1 1.1％ (4/36) (x2=5.574,P＜0.05);but there was no significant difference between the two groups in cardiovascular disease mortality (X2 =0.962,P＞0.05).And there was no significant difference between the serum phosphorus standard group and the substandard group in the all-cause mortality and the cardiovascular disease mortality (x2 =0.389,0.065,P ＞ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the cumulative survival rate between the patients in the serum phosphorus standard group who experienced all-cause death and cardiovascular disease death and the patients in the substandard group (P＞0.05).In the high blood phosphorus variability group,patients who reached serum phosphorus standard had higher total mortality rate and cardiovascular disease mortality rate,compared with patients who achieved serum phosphorus standard or experienced low phosphorus deficiency in the low blood phosphorus variability group (x2=0.211,0.197,P ＞0.05).Kaplan/Meier analysis showed that the cumulative survival rates of all patients with all-cause death and cardiovascular death in the high blood phosphorus variability group were significantly lower than those in the low level group (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion All-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality are high in MHD patients with large variability in blood phosphorus,and the degree of blood phosphorus variation is helpful to predictthe death of MHD patients.

Objective To discuss the diagnosis,perioperative treatment,cardiac function changing of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL) patients with catecholamine cardiomyopathy.Methods Fifteen PHEO/PGL patients with catecholamine cardiomyopathy were included in our hospital from Jan 2008 to Mar 2018.There were 8 males and 7 females with an average age of 32.8 years,ranging 13-64 years old.4 cases were found left PHEO.4 cases were found right PHEO and 3 cases were bilateral PHEO,including 2 cases of VHL.One case was jugular PGL.2 cases were lift PGL and 1 case was right PGL.The tumors diameter ranged from 2.3 to 7.2 cm.14 patients were diagnosed as PHEO/PGL with catecholamine cardiomyopathy with typical clinical manifestations of PHEO/PGL,such as headache,palpitation and perspiration.Their 24 hours of urine catecholamines showed an average of 24.87 μg/24 h in epinephrine and 551.70 μg/24 h in norepinephrine.Their average value of dopamine was 395.41 μg/24 h.Among 7 cases,the octreotide scan and Iodine-131-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131 I-MIBG) s scan were positive in 6 and 1 case,respectively.Enhanced CT showed significantly heterogeneous enhancement tumors in adrenal or retroperitoneal area.Ischemia and necrosis area were found inside tumors.The blood flow of some tumors were extremely rich and irregular vascular network with a racemose distribution around the tumors could be observed.Echocardiography showed that the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ranged from 32％ to 54％,mean (42.0 ± 7.1) ％ during catecholamine cardiomyopathy.5 cases were mild abnormal,which the LVEF ranged from 45％ to 54％.9 cases were moderate abnormal,which the LVEF ranged from 30％ to 44％.Their catecholamine cardiomyopathy performance including left ventricular hypertrophy,myocardial echo enhancement and left ventricular enlargement.9 cases combined with acute left ventricular failure manifested as pulmonary edema and pink foamy phlegm.Sensitive antibiotics were given to suspected pulmonary infection patients.14 cases accepted regular alpha blockers,beta blockers and calcium antagonists treatment for 1 to 3 months and underwent surgery after a significant improvement in cardiac function.1 non-functional PHEO patient was lack of typical clinical and imaging changing.Both of her 24 hours of urine catecholamines and octreotide scan were negative.Echocardiography showed that LVEF was 73％ before operation.She was misdiagnosed as an adrenal non-functional adenoma.All patients underwent surgical treatment,including 13 laparoscopic surgery.One case switched to open surgery.2 PGL patients all accepted open surgery.Rusults All cases accepted complete resection of the tumors.1 case of nonfunctional PHEO had severe fluctuations in blood pressure during operation.Her BP were 190/130 to 80/50 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) and heart rate raised to 150 bpm.Catecholamine cardiomyopathy appeared in ICU ward after operation.Echocardiography showed that LVEF was 37％.The left ventricular enlargement and myocardial systolic function decreased.Fibrous bronchoscopy showed pink foamy phlegm in both sides of lungs.Chest X ray showed bilateral pulmonary edema which predominant in left side.The diagnosis was catecholamine cardiomyopathy of this patient.The LVEF was (55.9 ± 7.6)％ after treatment in 14 PHEO/ PGL patients with catecholamine cardiomyopathy,and there was statistically significant difference between before and after treatment (P =0.041).The LVEF was (66.1 ± 8.5) ％ postoperation,and there was statistically significant difference between postoperation and after treatment (P =0.013).The non-functional PHEO case occurred severe catecholamin cardiomyopathy after operation and cardiac function recovered after treatment.15 cases were followed up from 1 months to 10 years without recurrence.Conclusions PHEO/PGL patients with catecholamine cardiomyopathy should have adequate medication.The abnormal cardiac function of patients would be reversed after surgical treatment.Cardiac function failure would be recovered after active treatment.Non-functional pheochromocytoma patients were extremely dangerous.Adequate medication should be given to any suspected non-functional pheochromocytoma patients.

Objective To understand the molecular characteristics of human-derived non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coil (STEC) strains circulating in five regions of China.Methods Twenty-seven non-O157 STEC strains isolated in five geographic regions were investigated by serotyping, stx1/stx2 subtyping and PCR screening for adhesion and other virulence genes.A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme provided by E.coil MLST database were performed to amplify and sequence seven housekeeping genes (adk, icd, fumC, rgyrB, purA, mdh and recA) in those strains.Results Twenty-seven non-O157 STEC strains were typed into 16 O∶H serotypes.Among those strains, 11 harbored stx1a, 12 harbored stx1c, two harbored stx2e and the other three strains respectively harbored stx1a+stx2b, stx2d and stx2g.Positive rates of eae, efa1, saa, paa, toxB, astA and ehxA genes were 18.5%, 18.5%, 29.6%, 22.2%, 11.1%, 11.1% and 25.9%, respectively.The 27 strains were typed into 16 different sequence types (STs) based upon MLST.Conclusion Human-derived non-O157 STEC strains circulating in five regions of China are heterogeneous in their serotypes, stx1/stx2 subtypes and virulence gene profiles.