Germplasm degeneration occurs during the long-term cultivation of root-and rhizome-derived traditional Chinese medicine(RR-TCM), which seriously restricts the high-quality development of their industry. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the problem of germplasm degeneration through variety breeding. In this paper, based on previously published research articles, monographs, and news reports, the research progresses on the number and origins, breeding methods, and selection of new varieties of RR-TCM listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Edition 2020) were summarized and analyzed. The results show that there are 169 kinds of RR-TCM listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Edition 2020), originated from 223 origins with three breeding methods(i.e., seed propagation, vegetative reproduction, and tissue culture), and there are 215 species derived from seed propagation, 177 species derived from vegetative reproduction, and 164 species derived from tissue culture. To date, there are 62 origins breeding new varieties through conventional breeding, cross breeding, mutation breeding, ploidy breeding, or modern biotechnology breeding methods, including 57 origins breeding 145 new varieties through conventional breeding, 10 origins breeding 43 new varieties through mutation breeding, and seven origins breeding 12 new varieties through cross breeding method. They are used mainly to improve yield, disease resistance, and active ingredient content, but only a few new varieties have been widely used. This review will provide useful references in variety breeding, quality breeding, and standardized planting of RR-TCM.
Plant Breeding/methods* ; Plant Roots/growth & development* ; Rhizome/growth & development* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Plants, Medicinal/classification* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of berberine in promoting the expression of aquaporin 4(AQP4) in astrocytes by regulating the expression of miR-383-5p in HepG2 cell-derived exosomes under insulin resistance(IR). The IR-HepG2 cell model was established with 1×10~(-6) mol·L~(-1) insulin. With metformin as the positive control, the safe concentrations of berberine and metformin were screened by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) leakage assays, and the effect of berberine on the IR of HepG2 cells was evaluated by glucose consumption. NanoSight was used to measure the particle size and concentration of exosomes secreted by HepG2 cells in each group. HepG2 cell-derived exosomes in each group were incubated with astrocytes for 24 h, and the protein and mRNA levels of AQP4 in HA1800 cells were determined by Western blot and qRT-PCR, respectively. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of miR-383-5p in HepG2 cell-derived exosomes and HA1800 cells after co-incubation. Western blotting was employed to determine the expression levels of miRNAs and proteins associated with exosome production and release in HepG2 cells. The results showed that 10 μmol·L~(-1) berberine and 1 mmol·L~(-1) metformin significantly alleviated the IR of HepG2 cells and reduced the concentration of exosomes in HepG2 cells. The exosomes of HepG2 cells treated with berberine and metformin significantly up-regulated the protein and mRNA levels of AQP4 in HA1800 cells. The mRNA level of miR-383-5p in HepG2 cell exosomes and HA1800 cells co-incubated with berberine and metformin decreased significantly. The intervention with berberine and metformin significantly down-regulated the expression of proteins associated with the production of miRNAs(Dicer, Drosha) as well as the production(Alix, Vps4A) and release(Rab35, VAMP3) of exosomes in IR-HepG2 cells. In conclusion, berberine can promote the expression of AQP4 in astrocytes by inhibiting the production and release of miR-383-5p in HepG2-derived exosomes under IR.
Humans ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; Berberine/pharmacology* ; Hep G2 Cells ; Exosomes/genetics* ; Aquaporin 4/metabolism* ; Insulin Resistance ; Astrocytes/drug effects*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between long-term glycemic control and cerebral infarction risk in patients with diabetes through a large-scale cohort study. METHODS: This prospective, community-based cohort study included 12,054 patients with diabetes. From 2006 to 2012, 38,272 fasting blood glucose (FBG) measurements were obtained from these participants. FBG trajectory patterns were generated using latent mixture modelling. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to assess the subsequent risk of cerebral infarction associated with different FBG trajectory patterns. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean age of the participants was 55.2 years. Four distinct FBG trajectories were identified based on FBG concentrations and their changes over the 6-year follow-up period. After a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 786 cerebral infarction events were recorded. Different trajectory patterns were associated with significantly varied outcome risks (Log-Rank P < 0.001). Compared with the low-stability group, Hazard Ratio ( HR) adjusted for potential confounders were 1.37 for the moderate-increasing group, 1.23 for the elevated-decreasing group, and 2.08 for the elevated-stable group. CONCLUSION Sustained high FBG levels were found to play a critical role in the development of ischemic stroke among patients with diabetes. Controlling FBG levels may reduce the risk of cerebral infarction.
Humans ; Cerebral Infarction/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; Fasting/blood* ; Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood* ; Adult ; Proportional Hazards Models

Objective To screen long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)associated with lymph node metasta-sis in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)and verify its function in vitro,so as to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of lymph node metastasis in PTC.Methods lncRNA+mRNA microar-ray was used to detect the differential expression of lncRNA and mRNA in PTC cancer tissues with and with-out lymph node metastasis.Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR)verified target differential lncR-NAs.Lentivirus was used as vector to construct high and low lncRNA expression PTC cell lines.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8),cell scratches assay,Transwell assay,cell clone formation assay were used to detect the effects of target lncRNA on proliferation,migration,invasion,clonal formation of PTC cells.Results Compared with 5 cases of PTC tissues without lymph node metastasis,gene chips detected 119 lncRNA and 53 mRNA expres-sion levels upregulated,while 263 lncRNA and 198 mRNA expression levels down regulated in 5 cases of PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis.Furthermore,21 lncRNAs were selected for validation in the original 10 PTC samples,and the results showed that,compared with PTC tissues without lymph node metastasis,lncR-NAs FLJ20444,DPP10-AS1 and ENST00000567197 were highly expressed in PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis,while uc021thd.1,LNC00944,ENST00000429730 and BLNK were lowly expressed(P＜0.05).In addition,qPCR results of another 30 fresh PTC tissues showed that compared with PTC tissues without lymph node metastasis,DPP10-AS1 was highly expressed and LNC00944 was lowly expressed in PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis(P＜0.05).Cell function experiments showed that the proliferation,migration,invasion,and colony formation abilities of PTC cells in the DPP10-AS1 high expression group were higher than those in the DPP10-AS1 low expression group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion lncRNA DPP10-AS1 may play a role in PTC metastasis through certain signaling pathways.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy of volume-guaranteed high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV-VG) in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and its impact on blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 120 preterm infants with RDS who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology at Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital from March 2020 to December 2023. According to the mode of ventilation, the infants were divided into two groups: a conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) group (60 infants) and an HFOV-VG group (60 infants). The two groups were compared in terms of baseline data, MCA hemodynamic parameters, complications, and outcomes. RESULTS: Compared with the CMV group, the HFOV-VG group had significantly shorter durations of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay and a significantly higher overall response rate (P<0.05). The HFOV-VG group demonstrated significantly better peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, and mean flow velocity (P<0.05). The HFOV-VG group also exhibited significantly lower 28-day mortality rates and lower incidence rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and intraventricular hemorrhage than the CMV group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HFOV-VG can effectively improve cerebral blood perfusion, reduce cerebrovascular resistance, shorten the durations of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, and enhance overall treatment efficacy. It has significant advantages in reducing the risk of 28-day mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants with RDS.
Humans ; High-Frequency Ventilation/adverse effects* ; Infant, Newborn ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/physiopathology* ; Female ; Middle Cerebral Artery/physiology* ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Infant, Premature

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

AIM To explore the clinical effects of Supplemented Baihe Gujin Decoction on elderly patients with postoperative pulmonary infection following non-small cell lung cancer surgery.METHODS Ninety-two patients were randomly assigned into control group(46 cases)for 1-week intervention of conventional treatment,and observation group(46 cases)for 1-week intervention of both Supplemented Baihe Gujin Decoction and conventional treatment.The changes in clinical effects,TCM syndrome scores,immune function indices(CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+),inflammatory indices(CRP,PCT,TNF-α),serum indices(sTREM-1,CD40L,NLR)and incidence of adverse reactions were detected.RESULTS The observation group demonstrated higher total effective rate than the control group(P＜0.05).After the treatment,the two groups displayed decreased TCM syndrome scores,CD8+,inflammatory indices,serum indices(P＜0.05),and increased CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+(P＜0.05),especially for the observation group(except for CD4+,CD8+)(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION For the elderly patients with postoperative pulmonary infection following non-small cell lung cancer surgery,Supplemented Baihe Gujin Decoction can safely and effectively relieve clinical symptoms,enhance immune functions,reduce serum sTREM-1,CD40L levels and NLR,and control inflammatory responses.

Diabetic encephalopathy(DE)is a complication of the central nervous system induced by diabetes,characterized by insidious onset and complex pathological mechanisms.Recent research has revealed that the pathological mechanisms of DE are closely associated with the imbalance of intercellular communica-tion across multiple organs.Exosomes,serving as vital media-tors of intercellular communication,are involved in the patholog-ical progression of DE and hold promise as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DE.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)can improve communication between brain cells and be-tween peripheral and brain tissues by regulating exosomes and their contents,thereby preventing and treating DE.Meanwhile,exosomes,as targeted delivery carriers of active molecules,can carry TCM monomers more easily across the blood-brain barrier to prevent and treat DE.In light of this,this review summarizes the regulatory role of exosomes in the pathological progression of DE and explores the enormous potential of TCM in the preven-tion and treatment of DE by regulating exosomes and using exo-somes as traditional Chinese medicine carriers,aiming to pro-vide new evidence for the prevention and treatment of DE with TCM.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

The glymphatic system(GS)is a unique toxic sub-stance clearance system in brain,which is very important for maintaining the microenvironment stability of the central nervous system.The polarization distribution of aquaporin 4(AQP4)lo-cated in the terminal foot of astrocytes affects the function of GS and participates in the pathological progress of many neurodegen-erative diseases,but the detailed regulation mechanism of AQP4 polarization distribution has not been systematically summarized.Therefore,this paper systematically combs the mechanism of reg-ulating the polarization distribution of AQP4 from the perspective of the composition integrity of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex(DGC)and basement membrane foot complex,and summarizes the potential drug and non-drug therapies for targeted regulation of AQP4 polarization distribution at present,aiming at providing new target reference and theoretical basis for targeted regulation of AQP4 polarization to prevent and treat neurodegenerative dis-eases.