Milk-derived exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles naturally present in mammalian milk and are rich in proteins,lipids,nucleic acids,and bioactive metabolites.They exhibit biological activities such as anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and immunomodulatory effects.Owing to their unique advantages of low immunogenicity,excellent biocompatibility,stability,and natural targeting ability,milk-derived exosomes have emerged as promising natural nanocarriers,garnering significant attention in disease treatment and nutritional interventions.Sarcopenia,characterized by reduced skeletal muscle mass and diminished strength,is closely associated with aging,chronic inflammation,and oxidative stress.Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of milk-derived exosomes in combating sarcopenia.These exosomes can increase myotube diameter,enhance muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area,and improve exercise performance metrics such as grip strength.Potential mechanisms may include promoting muscle anabolism,improving mitochondrial function through antioxidant mechanisms,and modulating the inflammatory microenvironments.However,challenges remain in their application for sarcopenia at present,such as the unclear mechanisms of key bioactive components[e.g.,microRNAs(miRNAs),L-ornithine,and milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8(MFG-E8)],and the targeting and stability of delivery systems need to be optimized.Future research should focus on the functional analysis of components in exosomes,optimization of delivery systems,and preclinical validation to promote their practical application in managing age-related muscle health.

Milk-derived exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles naturally present in mammalian milk and are rich in proteins,lipids,nucleic acids,and bioactive metabolites.They exhibit biological activities such as anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and immunomodulatory effects.Owing to their unique advantages of low immunogenicity,excellent biocompatibility,stability,and natural targeting ability,milk-derived exosomes have emerged as promising natural nanocarriers,garnering significant attention in disease treatment and nutritional interventions.Sarcopenia,characterized by reduced skeletal muscle mass and diminished strength,is closely associated with aging,chronic inflammation,and oxidative stress.Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of milk-derived exosomes in combating sarcopenia.These exosomes can increase myotube diameter,enhance muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area,and improve exercise performance metrics such as grip strength.Potential mechanisms may include promoting muscle anabolism,improving mitochondrial function through antioxidant mechanisms,and modulating the inflammatory microenvironments.However,challenges remain in their application for sarcopenia at present,such as the unclear mechanisms of key bioactive components[e.g.,microRNAs(miRNAs),L-ornithine,and milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8(MFG-E8)],and the targeting and stability of delivery systems need to be optimized.Future research should focus on the functional analysis of components in exosomes,optimization of delivery systems,and preclinical validation to promote their practical application in managing age-related muscle health.

This study aims to optimize the teaching design of Nutritional Counseling and Education, a core course for registered dietitians in China, to strengthen the cultivation of practical nutrition counseling and education abilities of nutritional professionals in China, and to provide reference for other colleges and universities intending to offer the same type of courses. This study thoroughly examined the course design of Nutrition Counseling and Education in four universities in the United States, and compared it with the course design in Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. A profound comparison revealed that our course design was basically in line with that of the United States in terms of knowledge and ability cultivation objectives as well as the contents, teaching modes, and performance evaluation methods of theoretical and practical courses. However, there were slight deficiencies in our course design in terms of the integration of theoretical and practical courses, as well as the diversity and depth of practical courses. Our course design can be optimized by developing online teaching resources, drafting practical guidance manuals, increasing the number of practice bases, and enriching the modality and content of practical courses.

Objective To investigate the candidate profile and pass rate of the 2016 pilot qualification examination for registered dietitians in Shanghai,and attempt to inform the improvement of the examination.Methods An analysis was conducted on the profiles of all the 193 qualified candidates in the signing-up system of the 2016 pilot examination.Questionnaire surveys were carried out to collect feedback from the candidates on the enrollment requirements of the examination.The pass rates were compared between subgroups divided by age,gender,education,major,workplace (as employee or intern),working years and academic rank.Results 81.3％ of the candidates were aged between 20 and 29.Females accounted for 80.3％.The candidates had all received bachelor's degree,75.6％ from full-time undergraduate programs and 96.4％ from programs of nutrition.78.3％ of the candidates rated the enrollment requirements of the examination as "reasonable" or "relatively reasonable".The overall pass rate of the examination was 38.3％.The pass rate of the examinees working or doing internship in hospitals (45％) was significantly higher than that of others (24.5％) (P=0.012).Conclusions The overall pass rate is reasonable.Examinees working or doing internship in hospitals had a higher pass rate than those working in other places.The majority of the candidates had bachelor's degree of nutrition,which is in accordance with the requirement of similar exams in other parts of the world.

Objective To evaluate the effect of a community-based nutrition education program on the dietary quality of the elderly with diet balance index(DBI). Methods Eighty-three volunteers from Zhujing Town of Jinshan District of Shanghai with age ≥60 years were served as study objectives,and a total of 70 people completed the program.They were given nutritional guidance bimonthly in combination with measures such as community publications,panel discussions and individual interviews.Measurements of dietary intakes,which lasted for 3 d, were performed before intervention and 12 months after intervention,respectively.Diet quality was evaluated with DBI scoring system,and the parameters were compared before and after intervention. Results There were significant differences in DBI-Total Score(DBI-TS),DBI-Lower Bound Score(DBI-LBS)and DBI-Diet Quality Distance(DBI-DQD)before and after intervention for these 70 people (P<0.05).The proportion of subjects with adequate milk and soy product consumption increased from 7.1% before intervention to 20.0% after intervention,that with proper amount of salt intake from 22.9%to 51.5%.and that with diverse diet from 20.0%to 49.9%.The major DBI pattern changed from pattern B (47.1%) and pattern E(34.3%)to pattern B (34.3%) and pattern A (32.9%). Conclusion The community-based nutrition education program for the elderly can improve the diet quality of the elderly.

Objective: To investigate the effects of different dietary fat on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in rats. Methods: Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups and fed on basal diet (low fat diet) and four test diets containing 30.4% fat of total energy as lard, perilla oil, sunflower oil or olive oil respectively for 6 w. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and blood samples were taken for measurement of serum insulin, triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) level. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated and epididymal fat pad was weighed. Results: In comparison with rats fed low fat, rats fed lard had a low ISI and a high serum glucose level 120 min after glucose load. The ISI in groups of sunflower oil and olive oil was markedly higher than in lard group, whereas serum glucose at 120 min was significantly lower. Serum glucose and insulin level both at 0 min and 120 min were significantly lower and ISI was higher in perilla oil group than that in lard group. Moreover, rats fed perilla oil had a low fasting glucose and a higher ISI compared with rats fed sunflower oil, olive oil and low fat respectively. Serum TC and TG were significantly lower in rats fed perilla oil than in rats fed low fat and lard respectively. Relative epididymal fat pad weight was lower in rats fed perilla oil than in rats fed lard. Conclusion: Perilla oil is effective in increasing insulin sensitivity and improving glucose metabolism in rats, and the effects of sunflower oil and olive oil are between that of perilla oil and lard. The hypoglycemic effect of perilla oil might be mediated, at least in part by reducing triglyceride level and body fat accumulation.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of soybean isoflavone(SI) on genetic toxicity induced by di-n-butul phthalate(DBP) in mice.Method(1) Micronucleus test:40 male 7 w old Kunming mice were randomized into 4 groups:High and low dose SI intervention groups,DBP model group,and solvent control group.SI intervention groups were given different doses of SI(50,100mg/kg) for 30 d,meanwhile,the DBP group and solvent group were given 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.Then all groups were treated by 0.5g/kg DBP for 5d except solvent group.Mice were sacrificed 6 hour after last treatment,and then counting micronucleated cells in bone marrow.(2) Sperm malformation test:40 male 6w old Kunming mice were grouped and treated the same as micronucleus test.Mice were sacrificed at 35 day after the first treatment,and then sperm quantity,motility,viability and abnormality rate were calculated.Result Micronucleus rate and sperm abnormality rate of SI intervention group were lower than DBP model group,while sperm motility and viability were higher than DBP model group.Conclusion SI can relieve the genetic toxicity induced by DBP in mice.