Objective To determine the material basis of the antioxidant activity of Mori Folium by examining the spec-trum-effect relationship.Methods High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was utilized to establish the fingerprints of Mori Folium.The antioxidant activity of Mori Folium was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging assay and other related indicators.The spectrum-effect relationship of antioxidation was analyzed using gray relational analysis,bivariate correlation analysis,and partial least squares regression analysis.Molecular docking techniques were employed to predict potential interaction targets.Results HPLC fingerprints for 13 batches of Mori Folium were established,and thirteen common peaks were marked,with similarities ranging from 0.932 to 0.998.Nine common peaks were identified by comparing them to reference substances.Differences in antioxidant activity were observed among the different batches of Mori Folium.Based on the analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship,chemical components such as chlorogenic acid,cryptochlorogenic acid,rutin,and iso-chlorogenic acid B were found to contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity.These components may exert their effects by binding to several antioxidant protein targets,such as XOD,NO-1,and PPAR-α.This implies that Mori Folium might exert its an-tioxidant action via multiple components and targets.Conclusions By integrating the fingerprint and antioxidant activity of Mori Folium,the contributions of individual components to its antioxidant activity were determined.This study provides an experi-mental basis for elucidating the substances responsible for the antioxidant activity of Mori Folium and for establishing quality con-trol methods.

Objective To investigate the differences in clinical characteristics,surgical outcomes,and prognosis between sporadic intracranial hemangioblastoma(IC-HB)and von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)syndrome-associated IC-HB.Methods A retrospective consecutive series of patients who underwent microsurgical resection at the Department of Neurosurgery,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,between April 2014 and January 2024,with postoperative pathological confirmation of IC-HB,was included.Clinical and imaging data were collected,including demographics(sex,age),preoperative clinical manifestations(asymptomatic,headache,dizziness,vertigo or imbalance,blurred vision or papilledema,nausea or vomiting,other symptoms),number of symptoms,lesion type(solid or solid-cystic),lesion size(volume,longest diameter,anteroposterior diameter,superoinferior diameter,transverse diameter),lesion location(cerebellar region:hemisphere,vermis;brainstem region:medulla oblongata,fourth ventricle;skull base region:cerebellopontine angle,jugular foramen,petroclival region),Karnofsky performance status(KPS)score(preoperative,postoperative;KPS score＞70 and 70),surgical information,and follow-up data.Based on past medical history,family history,and VHL gene test results,patients were classified into sporadic IC-HB and VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB groups.Differences in clinical characteristics,surgical outcomes,and follow-up status were compared between the groups.Improved outcomes were defined as increases in KPS scores over 0 at 6-month follow-ups in comparison with preoperative KPS,while non-improved outcomes were defined by unchanged or decreased(＞0 point)KPS scores.Survival outcomes,including postoperative recurrence(newly occurring abnormally enhancing nodules at the surgical site or periphery with continuous development during follow-ups.Recurrence could be verified through the combination of imaging enhancement features,clinical manifestations and post-operative pathological examinations),postoperative KPS improvement,and death of any cause during follow-up.The outcomes of postoperative KPS improvement versus non-improvement(unchanged or worsened)were analyzed through univariate analysis with the Firth penalized maximum likelihood Logistic regression model.Variables meeting the criteria(P＜0.05 in univariate analysis,clinical importance,statistical model feasibility)were included in a multivariate Logistic regression model to identify independent factors influencing functional outcomes.Survival outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess recurrence-free survival rates between groups with the Log-rank test.Furthermore,univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed separately for the sporadic IC-HB and VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB subgroups to explore independent factors for postoperative KPS improvement.Results A total of 82 IC-HB patients(41 male,41 female),aged 11-73 years(mean[42±15]years),were included.Among which,68 had sporadic IC-HB and 14 had VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB.39 patients had improved postoperative KPS and 43 patients showed no improvements in KPS scores.(1)For clinical characteristics,the age of onset was younger in the VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB group([35±14]years vs.[44±15]years,P=0.044).Lesions in VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB patients were more likely to involve the brainstem and adjacent critical structures(8/14 of which involved medulla oblongata),while sporadic IC-HB was more common in the cerebellar hemispheres(70.6％[48/68]).The distribution of lesion location across cerebellar,skull base,and brainstem regions differed significantly between groups(P=0.015),while other characteristics showed no significant differences(all P＞0.05).(2)For treatment and follow-ups,all patients underwent gross total microsurgical resection.Preoperative angiography via femoral artery was performed in 22 patients,with partial preoperative embolization in 4 patients.Postoperatively,KPS improved in 39 patients,remained unchanged in 33 patients,and worsened in 10 patients.The change in KPS scores pre-to post-operatively did not differ significantly between groups(P=0.707).The recurrence rate was higher in the VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB group(4/14 vs.5.9％[4/68],P=0.026),but there was no significant difference in mortality(P=0.999).(3)For analysis of factors influencing postoperative KPS improvement,univariate Logistic regression showed preoperative asymptomatic(OR,0.05,95％CI0.00-0.39,P=0.002),preoperative dizziness(OR,2.62,95％CI 1.09-6.47,P=0.031),vertigo/imbalance(OR,3.60,95％CI 1.04-15.45,P=0.043),nausea/vomiting(OR,4.49,95％CI 1.65-13.53,P=0.003),preoperative symptoms(OR,2.27,95％CI 1.46-3.86,P＜0.01)and preoperative KPS ≤70(OR,7.65,95％CI 1.60-74.47,P=0.009)were strongly associated with KPS improvement.Multivariate Logistic regression only identified the number of preoperative symptoms as an independent predictor of postoperative KPS improvement(OR,2.44,95％CI 1.04-6.32,P=0.049).(4)For survival outcome analysis,no significant differences in the risk of postoperative recurrence,KPS improvement,or death were observed between the VHL syndrome-associated and sporadic IC-HB patients(recurrence:HR,4.88,95％CI 0.97-24.69,P=0.055;KPS improvement:HR,0.60,95％CI 0.25-1.43,P=0.246;mortality:P=0.999).Kaplan-Meier curves showed no statistically significant difference in recurrence-free survival rate between groups(P=0.053).(5)In the subgroup analysis,in sporadic IC-HB patients,multivariate Logistic regression identified the number of preoperative symptoms as an independent predictor of postoperative KPS improvement(OR,1.97,95％CI 1.14-3.68,P=0.021).Due to the small sample size,reliable parameter estimation was not possible for the VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB subgroup due to the small sample size.Conclusions VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB patients have a higher risk of recurrence in comparison with sporadic IC-HB patients.The number of preoperative symptoms can guide survival ending assessment.

Objective To investigate the differences in clinical characteristics,surgical outcomes,and prognosis between sporadic intracranial hemangioblastoma(IC-HB)and von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)syndrome-associated IC-HB.Methods A retrospective consecutive series of patients who underwent microsurgical resection at the Department of Neurosurgery,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,between April 2014 and January 2024,with postoperative pathological confirmation of IC-HB,was included.Clinical and imaging data were collected,including demographics(sex,age),preoperative clinical manifestations(asymptomatic,headache,dizziness,vertigo or imbalance,blurred vision or papilledema,nausea or vomiting,other symptoms),number of symptoms,lesion type(solid or solid-cystic),lesion size(volume,longest diameter,anteroposterior diameter,superoinferior diameter,transverse diameter),lesion location(cerebellar region:hemisphere,vermis;brainstem region:medulla oblongata,fourth ventricle;skull base region:cerebellopontine angle,jugular foramen,petroclival region),Karnofsky performance status(KPS)score(preoperative,postoperative;KPS score＞70 and 70),surgical information,and follow-up data.Based on past medical history,family history,and VHL gene test results,patients were classified into sporadic IC-HB and VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB groups.Differences in clinical characteristics,surgical outcomes,and follow-up status were compared between the groups.Improved outcomes were defined as increases in KPS scores over 0 at 6-month follow-ups in comparison with preoperative KPS,while non-improved outcomes were defined by unchanged or decreased(＞0 point)KPS scores.Survival outcomes,including postoperative recurrence(newly occurring abnormally enhancing nodules at the surgical site or periphery with continuous development during follow-ups.Recurrence could be verified through the combination of imaging enhancement features,clinical manifestations and post-operative pathological examinations),postoperative KPS improvement,and death of any cause during follow-up.The outcomes of postoperative KPS improvement versus non-improvement(unchanged or worsened)were analyzed through univariate analysis with the Firth penalized maximum likelihood Logistic regression model.Variables meeting the criteria(P＜0.05 in univariate analysis,clinical importance,statistical model feasibility)were included in a multivariate Logistic regression model to identify independent factors influencing functional outcomes.Survival outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess recurrence-free survival rates between groups with the Log-rank test.Furthermore,univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed separately for the sporadic IC-HB and VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB subgroups to explore independent factors for postoperative KPS improvement.Results A total of 82 IC-HB patients(41 male,41 female),aged 11-73 years(mean[42±15]years),were included.Among which,68 had sporadic IC-HB and 14 had VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB.39 patients had improved postoperative KPS and 43 patients showed no improvements in KPS scores.(1)For clinical characteristics,the age of onset was younger in the VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB group([35±14]years vs.[44±15]years,P=0.044).Lesions in VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB patients were more likely to involve the brainstem and adjacent critical structures(8/14 of which involved medulla oblongata),while sporadic IC-HB was more common in the cerebellar hemispheres(70.6％[48/68]).The distribution of lesion location across cerebellar,skull base,and brainstem regions differed significantly between groups(P=0.015),while other characteristics showed no significant differences(all P＞0.05).(2)For treatment and follow-ups,all patients underwent gross total microsurgical resection.Preoperative angiography via femoral artery was performed in 22 patients,with partial preoperative embolization in 4 patients.Postoperatively,KPS improved in 39 patients,remained unchanged in 33 patients,and worsened in 10 patients.The change in KPS scores pre-to post-operatively did not differ significantly between groups(P=0.707).The recurrence rate was higher in the VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB group(4/14 vs.5.9％[4/68],P=0.026),but there was no significant difference in mortality(P=0.999).(3)For analysis of factors influencing postoperative KPS improvement,univariate Logistic regression showed preoperative asymptomatic(OR,0.05,95％CI0.00-0.39,P=0.002),preoperative dizziness(OR,2.62,95％CI 1.09-6.47,P=0.031),vertigo/imbalance(OR,3.60,95％CI 1.04-15.45,P=0.043),nausea/vomiting(OR,4.49,95％CI 1.65-13.53,P=0.003),preoperative symptoms(OR,2.27,95％CI 1.46-3.86,P＜0.01)and preoperative KPS ≤70(OR,7.65,95％CI 1.60-74.47,P=0.009)were strongly associated with KPS improvement.Multivariate Logistic regression only identified the number of preoperative symptoms as an independent predictor of postoperative KPS improvement(OR,2.44,95％CI 1.04-6.32,P=0.049).(4)For survival outcome analysis,no significant differences in the risk of postoperative recurrence,KPS improvement,or death were observed between the VHL syndrome-associated and sporadic IC-HB patients(recurrence:HR,4.88,95％CI 0.97-24.69,P=0.055;KPS improvement:HR,0.60,95％CI 0.25-1.43,P=0.246;mortality:P=0.999).Kaplan-Meier curves showed no statistically significant difference in recurrence-free survival rate between groups(P=0.053).(5)In the subgroup analysis,in sporadic IC-HB patients,multivariate Logistic regression identified the number of preoperative symptoms as an independent predictor of postoperative KPS improvement(OR,1.97,95％CI 1.14-3.68,P=0.021).Due to the small sample size,reliable parameter estimation was not possible for the VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB subgroup due to the small sample size.Conclusions VHL syndrome-associated IC-HB patients have a higher risk of recurrence in comparison with sporadic IC-HB patients.The number of preoperative symptoms can guide survival ending assessment.

Objective To determine the material basis of the antioxidant activity of Mori Folium by examining the spec-trum-effect relationship.Methods High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was utilized to establish the fingerprints of Mori Folium.The antioxidant activity of Mori Folium was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging assay and other related indicators.The spectrum-effect relationship of antioxidation was analyzed using gray relational analysis,bivariate correlation analysis,and partial least squares regression analysis.Molecular docking techniques were employed to predict potential interaction targets.Results HPLC fingerprints for 13 batches of Mori Folium were established,and thirteen common peaks were marked,with similarities ranging from 0.932 to 0.998.Nine common peaks were identified by comparing them to reference substances.Differences in antioxidant activity were observed among the different batches of Mori Folium.Based on the analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship,chemical components such as chlorogenic acid,cryptochlorogenic acid,rutin,and iso-chlorogenic acid B were found to contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity.These components may exert their effects by binding to several antioxidant protein targets,such as XOD,NO-1,and PPAR-α.This implies that Mori Folium might exert its an-tioxidant action via multiple components and targets.Conclusions By integrating the fingerprint and antioxidant activity of Mori Folium,the contributions of individual components to its antioxidant activity were determined.This study provides an experi-mental basis for elucidating the substances responsible for the antioxidant activity of Mori Folium and for establishing quality con-trol methods.