National biological standards for antibiotics are critical components of the antibiotic quality control system and serve as reference materials for measuring and calibrating the biological activity of antibiotics. This article systematically reviews the classification, definition of potency units, and current research status of commercially available national antibiotic biological standards in China. At present, these standards can be categorized based on chemical structure, number of components, and development methods. The definition of potency units has evolved from an early “arbitrarily assigned unit” to “being represented by the mass of the antibiotic salt” and, more recently, to the current mainstream approach of “being represented by the mass of the active ingredient”. This evolution reflects a shift in quality control philosophy from primarily biological analysis to a system dominated by chemical analysis supplemented by biological methods. Current research focuses on optimizing potency determination methods, studying the unification of content and potency, and implementing dual quality control of both the potency and the ratio/content of active components in multi-component antibiotics. For complex multi-component antibiotics, the microbiological assay based on biological activity remains irreplaceable in quality control. Future efforts should emphasize further method optimization, ensuring batch-to-batch consistency of standards, and advancing precision quality control as key research priorities for antibiotic biological standards.

Chrysophanol(Chr)and physcion(Phy)are primary active ingredients of a well-known traditional Chinese medicine namely rhubarb(Chinese name:Dahuang),and their glucuronides have been revealed as the dominant forms presenting in rats after oral administration.Either Chr or Phy has two glycosylation sites,resulting in a pair of positional isomers for glucuronides of either compound(CG1&CG2 and PG1&PG2).To confirmatively identify these glucuronides,energy-resolved mass spectrometry(ER-MS)was used to pursue the fragmentation trajectories of the targeted fragment ions,and the resultant breakdown graphs that were described by the optimal collision energy(OCE)were expected to exhibit the differences of glycosidic bond cleavage between the isomers.Quantum chemical calculation was thereafter conducted to produce the bond dissociation energy(BDE)of the glycosidic bonds.The isomers were unambiguously identified through applying the positive correlation rule between OCE and BDE.Fortunately,the glucuronides of Chr and Phy in vivo were observed through liver microsomes incubationin vitro.ER-MS was utilized to collect the Gaussian-shaped breakdown graphs in response to the neutral loss of 176 Da,and the absolute values of OCE were compared between positional isomers.The results revealed that CG1(-32.31 eV)>CG2(-31.61 eV),and nonetheless,PG1(-30.00 eV)Chr-8-GluA(-48.787 kJ/mol),and nonetheless,Phy-1-GluA(-48.672 kJ/mol)

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of preoperative diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) histogram parameters in the depth of invasion of early rectal cancer.Methods:A total of 180 patients with early rectal cancer admitted to 904th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army from August 2020 to August 2024 were selected as the study objects. Patients were divided into intramucosal cancer group ( n=102) and submucosal cancer group ( n=78) according to the depth of tumor invasion. The general data of the two groups were compared. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the consistency of DWI histogram parameters extracted by the two radiologists, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of each parameter to the depth of tumor invasion. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent influencing factors of invasion depth, and a predictive model was constructed. The ROC curve was drawn to analyze the predictive value of the model for tumor invasion depth, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to analyze the goodness of fit of the model. Results:There were statistically significant differences in age ( t=8.15, P<0.001), maximum tumor diameter ( χ2=29.29, P<0.001), endoscopic type ( χ2=20.96, P<0.001), histological type ( χ2=24.93, P<0.001) and differentiation degree ( χ2=73.35, P<0.001) between intramucosal cancer group and submucosal cancer group. The mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, the 1 st, 10 th, 50 th, 90 th, and 99 th percentiles of the histogram parameters of DWI had good consistency (all ICC>0.75). There were statistically significant differences in the mean ( t=5.69, P<0.001), variance ( t=9.75, P<0.001), skewness ( t=10.88, P<0.001), kurtosis ( t=10.06, P<0.001), the 1 st percentile ( t=3.43, P<0.001), 10 th percentile ( t=3.59, P<0.001), 50 th percentile ( t=9.97, P<0.001), 90 th percentile ( t=4.63, P<0.001), and 99 th percentile ( t=2.44, P=0.016) of the DWI histogram parameters between the intramucosal cancer group and the submucosal cancer group. ROC curve analysis results showed that mean [area under the curve (AUC) =0.77], variance (AUC=0.88), skewness (AUC=0.88), kurtosis (AUC=0.78), 50 th percentile (AUC=0.86) and 90 th percentile (AUC=0.82) had certain diagnostic value for submucous cancer. Multivariate analysis showed that age ( OR=9.98, 95% CI: 1.10-90.70, P=0.041), maximum tumor diameter ( OR=7.36, 95% CI: 1.08-50.23, P=0.042), and differentiation degree ( OR=19.88, 95% CI: 1.21-327.92, P=0.037), variance ( OR=16.24, 95% CI: 2.26-116.68, P=0.006), skewness ( OR=21.13, 95% CI: 2.80-59.61, P=0.003), 1 st percentile ( OR=9.78, 95% CI: 1.17-81.76, P=0.035) were independent factors in predicting tumor invasion depth in patients with early rectal cancer. The predictive model based on the above indicators was logit ( P) =1.51+2.30×age+2.00×maximum tumor diameter+2.99×differentiation degree+2.79×variance+3.05×skewness+ 2.28×the 1 st percentile. ROC curve analysis showed that the predictive model had an AUC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95-0.99) for judging the occurrence of submucosal cancer in patients with early rectal cancer, the sensitivity was 0.95, and the specificity was 0.88. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test results showed that the goodness of fit of the model was ideal ( P=0.823) . Conclusions:Age, maximum tumor diameter, differentiation degree, variance, skewness, and the 1 st percentile are independent factors in predicting tumor invasion depth in patients with early rectal cancer. The predictive model constructed based on these factors can effectively predict the risk of submucosal cancer in patients with early rectal cancer.

To study the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of ethyl syringate(MD) on ulcerative colitis(UC), the MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation inhibition of RAW264.7 cells and HT-29 cells by different concentrations of MD(50, 100, 200, 400 μmol·L~(-1)). UC cell models were constructed by inducing RAW264.7 cells and HT-29 cells with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α). An animal model was established by inducing mice with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) to verify the therapeutic effect of MD on UC. A control group, a model group(LPS or TNF-α), and groups treated with different concentrations of MD(50, 100, 200, 400 μmol·L~(-1)) were set up in this study. Nitric oxide(NO) levels were measured using a NO detection kit. Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels were assessed using a laser confocal microscope and ROS kit. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect changes in the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), TNF-α, interferon-γ(INF-γ), interleukin-10(IL-10), and myeloperoxidase(MPO) in cells and animal tissues. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of phosphorylated Janus kinase 2(p-JAK2), Janus kinase 2(JAK2), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), zonula occludens-1(ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1 in cells and animal tissues. The results showed that MD can improve the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of NO and ROS and regulating the expression of inflammatory factors. It significantly reduced the disease activity index(DAI) in mice, improved the shortening of the colon, and repaired intestinal epithelial damage by inhibiting the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, thereby exerting anti-UC activity.
Animals ; Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced* ; Janus Kinase 2/genetics* ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics* ; Mice ; Humans ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Male ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism* ; HT29 Cells ; Salicylates/administration & dosage* ; Protective Agents/administration & dosage*

With the growing emphasis on maternal and child oral health, the significance of managing oral health across preconception, pregnancy, and infancy stages has become increasingly apparent. Oral health challenges extend beyond affecting maternal well-being, exerting profound influences on fetal and neonatal oral development as well as immune system maturation. This expert consensus paper, developed using a modified Delphi method, reviews current research and provides recommendations on maternal and child oral health management. It underscores the critical role of comprehensive oral assessments prior to conception, diligent oral health management throughout pregnancy, and meticulous oral hygiene practices during infancy. Effective strategies should be seamlessly integrated across the life course, encompassing preconception oral assessments, systematic dental care during pregnancy, and routine infant oral hygiene. Collaborative efforts among pediatric dentists, maternal and child health workers, and obstetricians are crucial to improving outcomes and fostering clinical research, contributing to evidence-based health management strategies.
Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant ; Consensus ; Mouth Diseases/therapy* ; Pregnancy Complications/therapy* ; Oral Health ; Infant, Newborn ; Delphi Technique ; Oral Hygiene

Abstract To explore the mechanism of the impact of small games (SSG) on the physical health of children and adolescents and the reasonable application strategies, the study reviewes the multi-dimensional effects of SSG on the body composition, motor ability, cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal health and metabolic health of children and adolescents, and proposes the strategies for the reasonable application of SSG, which include scientifically designing training programs, emphasizing individualized differences, and strengthening monitoring and feedback. It can provide theoretical support and practical suggestions for the application of SSG in promoting the physical health of children and adolescents.

Drug toxicity is closely related to both clinical drug safety and new drug development. Therefore, it is vital to understand the mechanisms of drug toxicity fully and to use appropriate research models with advanced technologies. Zebrafish has become an important vertebrate animal model for high-throughput drug screening and toxicity assessment. At the same time, zebrafish has an intact biological complexity, reflecting the whole organism's toxicity, which gives it an advantage over other high-throughput models in toxicity studies. Despite the gradual increase in toxicity studies utilizing zebrafish, a comprehensive and systematic review of the underlying mechanisms and new techniques is still lacking. This review aims to analyze common toxicity mechanisms in zebrafish models, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and macroscopic changes in biological processes like lipid metabolism disorders and neurotransmitter expression abnormalities. It also introduces new technologies applied in toxicity assessment, such as gene editing, novel fluorescence imaging technology, 3D imaging technology, and novel automated technology for high-throughput screening, such as fish capsules. In addition, it also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the model. By doing so, it will provide new suggestions for the development and improvement of the model, make it better serve the toxicity study of clinical drugs and provide a more comprehensive perspective for drug toxicity study, thus promoting the development of the field of drug toxicity study.

Prone position ventilation (PPV) has been widely used in the treatment strategy of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients undergoing PPV may develop facial edema and are at risk for pressure injuries due to prolonged prone positioning. In clinical practice, preventive measures such as repositioning, protective dressings, and pressure-relief cushions are commonly used to prevent pressure injuries. However, factors such as improper endotracheal tube placement, self-paid dressings, and delayed clearance of oral and nasal secretions have reduced the effectiveness of preventing facial pressure injuries. To address the above issues, a device for preventing pressure injuries on the faces of patients in the prone position was designed by healthcare workers in the nursing department of Dalian Friendship Hospital, and a National Utility Model Patent of China was obtained (ZL 2024 2 0340439.8). The device consists of a support plate and a circuit control system. The support plate is equipped with two support members. Support member 1 is directly fixed to the support plate, while support member 2 is connected to the support plate via a slide and a spiral rod, serving to support the patient's face and allowing for adjustment of the appropriate width according to the size of the patient's face. Inside the two support members, there are several telescopic rods, with the upper ends designed as spherical supports. The height and position of the telescopic components can be adjusted through a circuit control system, regularly changing the pressure distribution on the patient's face, thereby achieving the purpose of changing the pressure points on the face. The inner wall of support member 2 is equipped with a camera, allowing direct observation of the patient's facial condition through a monitor, avoiding compression of the eyes and nose, and promptly removing secretions from the mouth to keep the face clean, thereby reducing the risk of facial pressure-related injuries. The center of the two support members features a hollow slot, facilitating the placement of a tracheal tube. The circuit control system includes a random module, a time setting module, a control module, and a drive module. Parameters can be set as needed. When the shortest set time is reached, the random module and time setting module send instructions to the control module. Upon receiving the instructions from the time setting module and the random number from the random module, the control module transmits information to the drive module. The drive module, upon receiving the information, controls multiple telescopic rods to adjust their height and position, thereby changing the support points on the patient's face. The device features a simple structure and convenient operation, allowing for flexible adaptation to the patient's facial shape. It can be replaced with the patient's facial pressure area, providing an intuitive view of the patient's facial pressure situation. With automation and high safety, it helps reduce the risk of pressure-related injuries and lightens the workload of medical staff.
Humans ; Pressure Ulcer/prevention & control* ; Prone Position ; Equipment Design ; Facial Injuries/prevention & control* ; Respiration, Artificial/instrumentation* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy*

OBJECTIVE: High-altitude hypoxia exposure often damages hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Nogo-A is an important axonal growth inhibitory factor. However, its function in high-altitude hypoxia and its mechanism of action remain unclear. METHODS: In an in vivo study, a low-pressure oxygen chamber was used to simulate high-altitude hypoxia, and genetic or pharmacological intervention was used to block the Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling pathway. Contextual fear conditioning and Morris water maze behavioral tests were used to assess learning and memory in rats, and synaptic damage in the hippocampus and changes in oxidative stress levels were observed. In vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were used to assess oxidative stress and mitochondrial function with or without Nogo-A knockdown in Oxygen Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion (OGD/R) models. RESULTS: Exposure to acute high-altitude hypoxia for 3 or 7 days impaired learning and memory in rats, triggered oxidative stress in the hippocampal tissue, and reduced the dendritic spine density of hippocampal neurons. Blocking the Nogo-A/NgR1 pathway ameliorated oxidative stress, synaptic damage, and the learning and memory impairment induced by high-altitude exposure. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the detrimental role of Nogo-A protein in mediating learning and memory impairment under high-altitude hypoxia and suggest the potential of the Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling pathway as a crucial therapeutic target for alleviating learning and memory dysfunction induced by high-altitude exposure. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT available in www.besjournal.com.
Animals ; Oxidative Stress ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Rats ; Nogo Proteins/genetics* ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Hypoxia/metabolism* ; Altitude ; Synapses ; Humans ; Altitude Sickness/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality based on the 10-year population-based multicenter prospective study. METHODS: A general population-based multicenter prospective study was conducted at four sites in rural China between 2013 and 2023. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to assess the association between BMI and mortality. Stratified analyses were performed based on the individual characteristics of the participants. RESULTS: Overall, 19,107 participants with a sum of 163,095 person-years were included and 1,910 participants died. The underweight (< 18.5 kg/m ²) presented an increase in all-cause mortality (adjusted hazards ratio [ aHR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.66-2.41), while overweight (≥ 24.0 to < 28.0 kg/m ²) and obesity (≥ 28.0 kg/m ²) presented a decrease with an aHR of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.52-0.73) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.37-0.70), respectively. Overweight ( aHR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67-0.86) and mild obesity ( aHR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87) had a positive impact on mortality in people older than 60 years. All-cause mortality decreased rapidly until reaching a BMI of 25.7 kg/m ² ( aHR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.98) and increased slightly above that value, indicating a U-shaped association. The beneficial impact of being overweight on mortality was robust in most subgroups and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION This study provides additional evidence that overweight and mild obesity may be inversely related to the risk of death in individuals older than 60 years. Therefore, it is essential to consider age differences when formulating health and weight management strategies.
Humans ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Adult ; Mortality ; Cause of Death ; Obesity/mortality* ; Overweight/mortality*