As a distinctive resource of Chinese civilization， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） technology transfer faces significant opportunities under the background of digital and intelligent transformation， while also being constrained by unique challenges such as the complexity of its theoretical system， lengthy industrial chains， and multidimensional policy restrictions， resulting in a "high-value-high-threshold" paradox. At present， TCM technology transfer is deeply trapped in a "threefold reluctance" dilemma， i.e.， unwillingness to transfer， inability to transfer， and lack of capacity to transfer. Specifically， the disconnection between scientific research evaluation systems and market demand leads to low conversion rates of research achievements， unclear ownership and compliance risks suppress innovation incentives， and the absence of professional services intensifies supply-demand mismatches. This article systematically analyzes the specific characteristics of TCM technology transfer and proposes a breakthrough pathway centered on full-chain digital and intelligent transformation. By integrating technologies such as intelligent sorting systems， blockchain-based traceability， and AI diagnostic models， the TCM ecosystem spanning "cultivation-production-service" can be reconstructed. In terms of standardization， promoting the progression from "experience-based data conversion" to "data standardization" and further to "intelligent standardization" is advocated to resolve quality control challenges. For example， a "three-no-one-full" certification system can strengthen quality trust. Policy coordination should focus on optimizing mechanisms for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements， while exploring intellectual property securitization and risk-sharing models to stimulate research momentum. In terms of internationalization， reliance on the Belt and Road Initiative platform to promote the export of geo-authentic medicinal material brands and standards is recommended to build a dual-driven model of "technology plus culture". Looking ahead， through the construction of national-level databases， the cultivation of interdisciplinary talent， and the mutual recognition of international standards， a new paradigm of "scientific intelligent manufacturing" can be formed， providing systematic solutions for the modernization of TCM and global health governance.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between negative life events and depression severity in adolescent patients with depressive disorder， as well as the chain mediating role of insomnia symptoms and quality of life. Methods374 outpatient patients and hospitalized patients with adolescent depressive disorders were enrolled. The Adolescent Life Event Scale （ASLEC）， the Insomnia Severity Index （ISI）， the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire Short Form （WHOQOL-BREF）， and the Center for Epidemiology Depression Scale （CES-D） were used to evaluate the negative life event situation， insomnia symptoms， quality of life level and depression severity of the subjects， respectively. In addition， the PROCESS 4.0 macroprogram was used to analyze the chain mediating effect of insomnia symptoms and quality of life between negative life events and depression severity in patients with adolescent depressive disorder. ResultsThe results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between negative life events and insomnia symptoms， quality of life， and depression severity （all P<0.05）. In addition， the results of chain mediation showed that negative life events had a significant direct effect on depression severity， with an effect size of 0.12 （P<0.001）. Insomnia symptoms and quality of life played a mediating role in the relationship between negative life events and depression severity in patients with adolescent depressive disorders， with indirect effect sizes of 0.062 （95%CI： 0.040-0.087） and 0.091 （95%CI： 0.059-0.123）， respectively. It could also play a chain mediation role， and the effect size was 0.039 （95%CI： 0.024-0.057）. ConclusionNegative life events experienced by patients with adolescent depressive disorder not only directly affect the severity of depressive symptoms， but may also indirectly exacerbate depression through insomnia symptoms and quality of life.

Objective To develop an automated system for the determination of gross α and gross β activity concentrations in water, and to support the rapid and automated monitoring of environmental water bodies. Methods Based on the thick source method, microwave evaporation-ashing was used to replace conventional electric hotplate heating. A grinder and a sample-spreading device were designed and operated via a robotic arm, achieving fully automated pretreatment, sample preparation, and measurement. Results Spike recovery tests demonstrated that the recovery rates were 95.7%-102.5% for gross α and 97.2%-108.1% for gross β. The relative standard deviations were 4.1%-7.8% for gross α and 5.9%-7.7% for gross β. Compared with manual laboratory methods, the average relative errors were 2.17%-6.25% for gross α and 4.17%-6.90% for gross β. The sample preparation time was reduced from an average of 72 hours to less than 5 hours, representing an efficiency improvement of over 90%. Conclusion The developed system enables rapid, accurate, and fully automated monitoring of gross α/β radioactivity, making it suitable for online monitoring of environmental water bodies. It can provide timely data on the radiological indicators of water bodies for environmental protection and water resource management authorities.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether Huanglian Jiedutang can inhibit neutrophil infiltration in the brains of middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） mice by regulating the expression of neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes， thereby achieving therapeutic effects. MethodsA total of 130 male specific pathogen-free （SPF） C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups： Sham-operated group， MCAO model group， Huanglian Jiedutang group （6 g·kg^-1）， and Ginaton group （21.6 mg·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in the Ginaton group and 40 mice in each of the remaining three groups. Mice in the Huanglian Jiedutang group and the Ginaton group were administered the corresponding drugs by oral gavage once daily at a volume of 0.15 mL·（10 g）^-1 for 7 consecutive days， while the sham-operated and model groups received an equal volume of saline via the same route. After 7 days， MCAO surgery was performed. The distal and proximal ends of the right common carotid artery （CCA） were ligated， a small incision was made between the two ligatures， and a silicone rubber-coated monofilament with a rounded tip was inserted into the lumen to occlude the CCA. The filament was left in place for 1 h to establish a focal cerebral ischemia model. At 24 h after modeling， mice were evaluated. Neurological function was assessed using the Longa score. Cerebral infarct volume was measured by 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. Cerebral blood flow was observed by laser speckle imaging. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining and Nissl staining were used to observe pathological changes in brain tissues. Exosomes were isolated from mouse plasma and brain tissues by ultracentrifugation and molecular size exclusion and identified by electron microscopy， particle size analysis， and protein blotting. Long-chain RNA libraries of exosomes were constructed and sequenced. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors and neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues of each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the protein expression of inflammatory factors and neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes from brain tissues of each group. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of the neutrophil-specific protein myeloperoxidase （MPO） in the brains of mice in each group. ResultsCompared with the sham-operated group， the model group showed decreased neurological function scores （P<0.01）， obvious cerebral infarction （P<0.01）， reduced cerebral blood flow （P<0.01）， neuronal necrosis in the brain， and decreased numbers of Nissl bodies （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL1， CXCL2， CXCL3， CXCL10， CCL2， and CCL3 in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL2， and CXCL10 in exosomes from brain tissues were increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and MPO-positive rates and mean optical density values in brain tissues were elevated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Huanglian Jiedutang group and the Ginaton group showed increased neurological function scores （P<0.05）， reduced cerebral infarct volume （P<0.01）， restored cerebral blood flow （P<0.01）， reduced necrotic cells in the brain， and increased numbers of Nissl bodies （P<0.01）. In the Huanglian Jiedutang group， the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL1， CXCL2， CXCL3， CXCL10， CCL2， and CCL3 in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL2， and CXCL10 in exosomes from brain tissues were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and MPO-positive rates and mean optical density values in brain tissues were decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionHuanglian Jiedutang can effectively regulate the expression of neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues of MCAO mice， thereby reducing neutrophil infiltration in the brain and achieving therapeutic effects.

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of metabolic reprogramming during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury using single-cell transcriptome sequencing， analyze the heterogeneity of microglial populations， and evaluate the interventional effects of Huanglian Jiedutang on metabolic abnormalities and neuroinflammation. MethodsA transient middle cerebral artery occlusion （tMCAO） model was used to establish ischemic stroke in mice. Local cerebral blood flow changes were monitored by laser speckle imaging. Neurological impairment was evaluated using the Zea-Longa score， and histopathological damage in brain tissue was observed by HE and Nissl staining. Animals were divided into a sham group， model group， Huanglian Jiedutang group， and Ginkgo biloba extract （GBE） group. After 1 week of acclimatization， intragastric administration was initiated. The sham and model groups received normal saline， the Huanglian Jiedutang group was administered 1.82 g·kg^-1， and the GBE group was administered 0.432 g·kg^-1 after preparation as a 2.16 mg/mL solution. All groups were treated for 5 consecutive days （0.2 mL/10 g/day）， and the tMCAO model was established on day 6 after the final administration. At the molecular level， single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on ischemic hemisphere tissue. Non-negative matrix factorization （NMF） was used to cluster microglial subpopulations， combined with differential expression analysis， metabolic reprogramming assessment， and inflammatory factor correlation analysis to elucidate their functional characteristics in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transcription factor enrichment analysis was further conducted to identify key regulatory nodes. Finally， PCR was used to detect mRNA expression changes of relevant genes to validate the single-cell sequencing results. ResultsCompared with the sham group， the model group showed increased neurological function scores （P<0.01）， decreased blood flow levels （P<0.01）， disordered cortical structure， increased cytoplasmic vacuolization， and increased Nissl bodies. Compared with the model group， the Huanglian Jiedutang and GBE groups showed decreased neurological function scores （P<0.01）， increased blood flow levels （P<0.01）， alleviated cortical structural disorder， reduced cytoplasmic vacuolization， and decreased Nissl bodies. Single-cell analysis showed that microglia could be divided into five subpopulations. Among them， clusters 3 and 5 exhibited significant pro-inflammatory phenotypes， with marked activation of hypoxia and NF-κB signaling pathways， and were identified as pro-inflammatory subpopulations. Clusters 1 and 2 were enriched in Wnt/β-catenin and transforming growth factor（TGF）-β signaling pathways and exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory and reparative characteristics. Meanwhile， glycolysis-related genes， such as HK2， PFKP， and LDHA， were significantly upregulated in the pro-inflammatory subpopulations. Correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of inflammatory molecules were positively correlated with glycolysis-related gene expression levels， whereas the expression levels of reparative and anti-inflammatory molecules were negatively correlated with glycolysis-related gene expression levels， indicating that microglia rely on the glycolytic pathway for energy acquisition under ischemic conditions. Further single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed that Huanglian Jiedutang effectively downregulated key genes driving metabolic reprogramming （such as HK2， PFKP， and LDHA）， significantly reduced the proportion of microglial subpopulations accompanied by glycolytic reprogramming， and inhibited their transformation toward a damage phenotype， thereby reducing inflammatory injury. Meanwhile， compared with the sham group， the mRNA expression levels of interleukin （IL）-1β， IL-6， tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α， CCL2， CXCL2， and CSF3 were significantly upregulated （P<0.01） in the model group， whereas the mRNA expression levels of endothelial- and pericyte-related functional genes， including RGS5， PECAM1， VEGFB， and NOS3， were significantly downregulated （P<0.01）. In contrast， compared with the model group， the Huanglian Jiedutang and GBE groups showed significantly decreased mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α， CCL2， CXCL2， and CSF3 （P<0.01）， and significantly increased mRNA expression levels of endothelial- and pericyte-related functional genes， including RGS5， PECAM1， VEGFB， and NOS3 （P<0.01）. ConclusionHuanglian Jiedutang exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating the metabolic reprogramming state of microglia and modulating their inflammatory levels， thereby inhibiting neuroinflammatory injury.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether Huanglian Jiedutang can inhibit neutrophil infiltration in the brains of middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） mice by regulating the expression of neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes， thereby achieving therapeutic effects. MethodsA total of 130 male specific pathogen-free （SPF） C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups： Sham-operated group， MCAO model group， Huanglian Jiedutang group （6 g·kg^-1）， and Ginaton group （21.6 mg·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in the Ginaton group and 40 mice in each of the remaining three groups. Mice in the Huanglian Jiedutang group and the Ginaton group were administered the corresponding drugs by oral gavage once daily at a volume of 0.15 mL·（10 g）^-1 for 7 consecutive days， while the sham-operated and model groups received an equal volume of saline via the same route. After 7 days， MCAO surgery was performed. The distal and proximal ends of the right common carotid artery （CCA） were ligated， a small incision was made between the two ligatures， and a silicone rubber-coated monofilament with a rounded tip was inserted into the lumen to occlude the CCA. The filament was left in place for 1 h to establish a focal cerebral ischemia model. At 24 h after modeling， mice were evaluated. Neurological function was assessed using the Longa score. Cerebral infarct volume was measured by 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. Cerebral blood flow was observed by laser speckle imaging. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining and Nissl staining were used to observe pathological changes in brain tissues. Exosomes were isolated from mouse plasma and brain tissues by ultracentrifugation and molecular size exclusion and identified by electron microscopy， particle size analysis， and protein blotting. Long-chain RNA libraries of exosomes were constructed and sequenced. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors and neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues of each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the protein expression of inflammatory factors and neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes from brain tissues of each group. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of the neutrophil-specific protein myeloperoxidase （MPO） in the brains of mice in each group. ResultsCompared with the sham-operated group， the model group showed decreased neurological function scores （P<0.01）， obvious cerebral infarction （P<0.01）， reduced cerebral blood flow （P<0.01）， neuronal necrosis in the brain， and decreased numbers of Nissl bodies （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL1， CXCL2， CXCL3， CXCL10， CCL2， and CCL3 in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL2， and CXCL10 in exosomes from brain tissues were increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and MPO-positive rates and mean optical density values in brain tissues were elevated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Huanglian Jiedutang group and the Ginaton group showed increased neurological function scores （P<0.05）， reduced cerebral infarct volume （P<0.01）， restored cerebral blood flow （P<0.01）， reduced necrotic cells in the brain， and increased numbers of Nissl bodies （P<0.01）. In the Huanglian Jiedutang group， the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL1， CXCL2， CXCL3， CXCL10， CCL2， and CCL3 in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of IL-1β， MPO， CXCL2， and CXCL10 in exosomes from brain tissues were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and MPO-positive rates and mean optical density values in brain tissues were decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionHuanglian Jiedutang can effectively regulate the expression of neutrophil-related chemokines in exosomes from plasma and brain tissues of MCAO mice， thereby reducing neutrophil infiltration in the brain and achieving therapeutic effects.

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of metabolic reprogramming during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury using single-cell transcriptome sequencing， analyze the heterogeneity of microglial populations， and evaluate the interventional effects of Huanglian Jiedutang on metabolic abnormalities and neuroinflammation. MethodsA transient middle cerebral artery occlusion （tMCAO） model was used to establish ischemic stroke in mice. Local cerebral blood flow changes were monitored by laser speckle imaging. Neurological impairment was evaluated using the Zea-Longa score， and histopathological damage in brain tissue was observed by HE and Nissl staining. Animals were divided into a sham group， model group， Huanglian Jiedutang group， and Ginkgo biloba extract （GBE） group. After 1 week of acclimatization， intragastric administration was initiated. The sham and model groups received normal saline， the Huanglian Jiedutang group was administered 1.82 g·kg^-1， and the GBE group was administered 0.432 g·kg^-1 after preparation as a 2.16 mg/mL solution. All groups were treated for 5 consecutive days （0.2 mL/10 g/day）， and the tMCAO model was established on day 6 after the final administration. At the molecular level， single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on ischemic hemisphere tissue. Non-negative matrix factorization （NMF） was used to cluster microglial subpopulations， combined with differential expression analysis， metabolic reprogramming assessment， and inflammatory factor correlation analysis to elucidate their functional characteristics in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transcription factor enrichment analysis was further conducted to identify key regulatory nodes. Finally， PCR was used to detect mRNA expression changes of relevant genes to validate the single-cell sequencing results. ResultsCompared with the sham group， the model group showed increased neurological function scores （P<0.01）， decreased blood flow levels （P<0.01）， disordered cortical structure， increased cytoplasmic vacuolization， and increased Nissl bodies. Compared with the model group， the Huanglian Jiedutang and GBE groups showed decreased neurological function scores （P<0.01）， increased blood flow levels （P<0.01）， alleviated cortical structural disorder， reduced cytoplasmic vacuolization， and decreased Nissl bodies. Single-cell analysis showed that microglia could be divided into five subpopulations. Among them， clusters 3 and 5 exhibited significant pro-inflammatory phenotypes， with marked activation of hypoxia and NF-κB signaling pathways， and were identified as pro-inflammatory subpopulations. Clusters 1 and 2 were enriched in Wnt/β-catenin and transforming growth factor（TGF）-β signaling pathways and exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory and reparative characteristics. Meanwhile， glycolysis-related genes， such as HK2， PFKP， and LDHA， were significantly upregulated in the pro-inflammatory subpopulations. Correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of inflammatory molecules were positively correlated with glycolysis-related gene expression levels， whereas the expression levels of reparative and anti-inflammatory molecules were negatively correlated with glycolysis-related gene expression levels， indicating that microglia rely on the glycolytic pathway for energy acquisition under ischemic conditions. Further single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed that Huanglian Jiedutang effectively downregulated key genes driving metabolic reprogramming （such as HK2， PFKP， and LDHA）， significantly reduced the proportion of microglial subpopulations accompanied by glycolytic reprogramming， and inhibited their transformation toward a damage phenotype， thereby reducing inflammatory injury. Meanwhile， compared with the sham group， the mRNA expression levels of interleukin （IL）-1β， IL-6， tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α， CCL2， CXCL2， and CSF3 were significantly upregulated （P<0.01） in the model group， whereas the mRNA expression levels of endothelial- and pericyte-related functional genes， including RGS5， PECAM1， VEGFB， and NOS3， were significantly downregulated （P<0.01）. In contrast， compared with the model group， the Huanglian Jiedutang and GBE groups showed significantly decreased mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α， CCL2， CXCL2， and CSF3 （P<0.01）， and significantly increased mRNA expression levels of endothelial- and pericyte-related functional genes， including RGS5， PECAM1， VEGFB， and NOS3 （P<0.01）. ConclusionHuanglian Jiedutang exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating the metabolic reprogramming state of microglia and modulating their inflammatory levels， thereby inhibiting neuroinflammatory injury.

Objective: To compare and analyze the antibacterial effects of platelets against five common clinical pathogenic bacteria including MRSA, SE, SA, E. coli, and CRKP, and to preliminarily explore the role of DCD sensitivity in the observed variations of antibacterial effects. Methods: The same number of platelets were used to establish co-culture systems of platelets and platelet lysates with the five pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial effects of platelets and platelet lysates on the five pathogenic bacteria were evaluated by observing the turbidity of the bacterial solution, measuring the OD value of the bacterial solution and counting the colonies. The supernatant protein of platelets co-cultured with MRSA was collected for quantitative proteomics analysis to explore the important antibacterial proteins of platelets. The content of DCD in the supernatant after co-culture of platelets and platelet lysates with the five pathogenic bacteria was detected by ELISA to preliminarily analyze the reasons for the different antibacterial effects of platelets on the five pathogenic bacteria. Results: Compared with the control group of MRSA, SA, and SE, the turbidity of the bacterial solution decreased after co-culture of platelets and platelet lysates with MRSA, SA, and SE for 12 h, and the OD value and colony count were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The turbidity of the bacterial solution did not change significantly after co-culture of platelets and platelet lysates with E. coli for 24 h, but the OD value decreased (P<0.05), and the colony count decreased to 10 CFU/mL but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with the control group of CRKP, the turbidity, OD value, and colony count of the bacterial solution did not change significantly after co-culture of platelets and platelet lysates with CRKP (P>0.05). Proteomics results showed that after co-culture with MRSA, important proteins related to platelet activation, including collagen, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, integrin αIIbβ3, platelet glycoprotein V and IV were significantly up-regulated. ELISA results showed that after co-culture with the five pathogenic bacteria, platelets could secrete a large amount of DCD, with the content around 3 μg/mL. Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of platelets on Gram-positive bacteria MRSA, SA, and SE is better than that on Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and CRKP, and platelets have the best antibacterial effect on MRSA. The differences in antibacterial effects of platelets on the five pathogenic bacteria may be related to the sensitivity of DCD antibacterial peptides to the five pathogenic bacteria.

ObjectiveTobacco-related diseases remain one of the leading preventable public health challenges worldwide and are among the primary causes of premature death. In recent years, accumulating evidence has supported the classification of nicotine addiction as a chronic brain disease, profoundly affecting both brain structure and function. Despite the urgency, effective diagnostic methods for smoking addiction remain lacking, posing significant challenges for early intervention and treatment. To address this issue and gain deeper insights into the neural mechanisms underlying nicotine dependence, this study proposes a novel graph neural network framework, termed TI-GNN. This model leverages functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to identify complex and subtle abnormalities in brain connectivity patterns associated with smoking addiction. MethodsThe study utilizes fMRI data to construct functional connectivity matrices that represent interaction patterns among brain regions. These matrices are interpreted as graphs, where brain regions are nodes and the strength of functional connectivity between them serves as edges. The proposed TI-GNN model integrates a Transformer module to effectively capture global interactions across the entire brain network, enabling a comprehensive understanding of high-level connectivity patterns. Additionally, a spatial attention mechanism is employed to selectively focus on informative inter-regional connections while filtering out irrelevant or noisy features. This design enhances the model’s ability to learn meaningful neural representations crucial for classification tasks. A key innovation of TI-GNN lies in its built-in causal interpretation module, which aims to infer directional and potentially causal relationships among brain regions. This not only improves predictive performance but also enhances model interpretability—an essential attribute for clinical applications. The identification of causal links provides valuable insights into the neuropathological basis of addiction and contributes to the development of biologically plausible and trustworthy diagnostic tools. ResultsExperimental results demonstrate that the TI-GNN model achieves superior classification performance on the smoking addiction dataset, outperforming several state-of-the-art baseline models. Specifically, TI-GNN attains an accuracy of 0.91, an F1-score of 0.91, and a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.83, indicating strong robustness and reliability. Beyond performance metrics, TI-GNN identifies critical abnormal connectivity patterns in several brain regions implicated in addiction. Notably, it highlights dysregulations in the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, consistent with prior clinical and neuroimaging findings. These regions are well known for their roles in emotional regulation, reward processing, and impulse control—functions that are frequently disrupted in nicotine dependence. ConclusionThe TI-GNN framework offers a powerful and interpretable tool for the objective diagnosis of smoking addiction. By integrating advanced graph learning techniques with causal inference capabilities, the model not only achieves high diagnostic accuracy but also elucidates the neurobiological underpinnings of addiction. The identification of specific abnormal brain networks and their causal interactions deepens our understanding of addiction pathophysiology and lays the groundwork for developing targeted intervention strategies and personalized treatment approaches in the future.

Objective To understand and grasp the status quo of resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to four commonly used insecticides in Hefei City, and to provide a scientific basis for the chemical control of mosquito larvae. Methods From June to July 2023, Cx. pipiens pallens larvae were collected from 9 counties (cities and districts) in Hefei City. The LC50 of late third-instar to early fourth-instar larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides was determined by larval immersion method (sensitive baseline method). Results Cx.pipiens pallens larvae in Hefei City exhibited different degrees of resistance to four insecticides: permethrin, beta-cypermethrin, temephos, and propoxur. The relative resistance coefficients to permethrin and beta-cypermethrin were 26.96 and 21.17, respectively, indicating the moderate resistance level. The relative resistance coefficients to propoxur were 6.70, indicating a low resistance level. The relative resistance coefficient to temephos was 2.43, indicating a sensitivity level. Culex pipiens pallens against pyrethroids such as 0.25% permethrin, 0.025% deltamethrin and 0.025% cypermethrin in 1 h knockout rate and 24 h mortality rates were 3.25% (4/123) and 46.34% (57/123), 3.60% (5/139) and 35.97% (50/139), 3.85% (6/156) and 40.38% (63/156), respectively. For 5% malathion and 0.1% propoxur, the 1 h knockdown rate and 24 h mortality rate were 97.69% (127/130) and 99.23% (129/130), 94.48% (137/145) and 100.00% (145/145), respectively. It showed resistance to 0.25% permethrin, 0.025% deltamethrin and 0.025% cypermethrin, and sensitivity to 5% malathion and 0.1% propoxur. Conclusions Culex pipiens pallens in Hefei City have developed varying degrees of resistance to parathyroid and carbamate insecticides. In the control of mosquito vectors, it is essential to strengthen the scientific and rational use of chemical control in combination with environmental and physical control measures to form an integrated control strategy. This approach will improve the control efficiency while delaying the occurrence and development of insecticide resistance.