Objective: This cross-sectional investigation aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and related risk factors of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain in mainland China. Methods: Data of patients with SARS-CoV-2 from December 28, 2022, to February 21, 2023, were collected through online and offline questionnaires from 45 tertiary hospitals and one center for disease control and prevention in mainland China. The questionnaire included demographic information, previous health history, smoking and alcohol drinking, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, olfactory and gustatory function before and after infection, other symptoms after infection, as well as the duration and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The self-reported olfactory and gustatory functions of patients were evaluated using the Olfactory VAS scale and Gustatory VAS scale. Results: A total of 35 566 valid questionnaires were obtained, revealing a high incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (67.75%). Females(χ2=367.013, P<0.001) and young people(χ2=120.210, P<0.001) were more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Gender(OR=1.564, 95%CI: 1.487-1.645), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), oral health status (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.839-0.926), smoking history (OR=1.152, 95%CI=1.080-1.229), and drinking history (OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.928) were correlated with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2(above P<0.001). 44.62% (4 391/9 840) of the patients who had not recovered their sense of smell and taste also suffered from nasal congestion, runny nose, and 32.62% (3 210/9 840) suffered from dry mouth and sore throat. The improvement of olfactory and taste functions was correlated with the persistence of accompanying symptoms(χ2=10.873, P=0.001). The average score of olfactory and taste VAS scale was 8.41 and 8.51 respectively before SARS-CoV-2 infection, but decreased to3.69 and 4.29 respectively after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and recovered to 5.83and 6.55 respectively at the time of the survey. The median duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions was 15 days and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% (121/24 096) of patients experiencing these dysfunctions for more than 28 days. The overall self-reported improvement rate of smell and taste dysfunctions was 59.16% (14 256/24 096). Gender(OR=0.893, 95%CI: 0.839-0.951), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), history of head and facial trauma(OR=1.180, 95%CI: 1.036-1.344, P=0.013), nose (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.171, P=0.001) and oral (OR=1.162, 95%CI: 1.096-1.233) health status, smoking history(OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.709-0.825), and the persistence of accompanying symptoms (OR=0.359, 95%CI: 0.332-0.388) were correlated with the recovery of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2 (above P<0.001 except for the indicated values). Conclusion: The incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain is high in mainland China, with females and young people more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Active and effective intervention measures may be required for cases that persist for a long time. The recovery of olfactory and taste functions is influenced by several factors, including gender, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, history of head and facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking history, and persistence of accompanying symptoms.
Female ; Humans ; Adolescent ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smell ; COVID-19/complications* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Incidence ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology* ; Taste Disorders/etiology* ; Prognosis

Abstract The popularity of electronic devices helps the spread of the flow experience. Flow experience affects many aspects of life for adolescents as for its double articulation. In order to provide suggestions for the improvement in adolescent mental health, this paper reviews flow experience and adolescent mental health in different situations. In learning situation, the state of flow makes a difference in students self confidence, learning experience, positive affect in school, positivity, self esteem and self efficacy, etc., at the same time, it is beneficial to relieve academic pressure and academic procrastination. In entertainment situation, the state of flow experience directly leads to addiction, and indirectly affects online game addiction by the mediating roles of self control and cognitive bias.

OBJECTIVE: Arsenic (As) and fluoride (F) are two of the most common elements contaminating groundwater resources. A growing number of studies have found that As and F can cause neurotoxicity in infants and children, leading to cognitive, learning, and memory impairments. However, early biomarkers of learning and memory impairment induced by As and/or F remain unclear. In the present study, the mechanisms by which As and/or F cause learning memory impairment are explored at the multi-omics level (microbiome and metabolome). METHODS: We stablished an SD rats model exposed to arsenic and/or fluoride from intrauterine to adult period. RESULTS: Arsenic and/fluoride exposed groups showed reduced neurobehavioral performance and lesions in the hippocampal CA1 region. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that As and/or F exposure significantly altered the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome，featuring the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Ruminococcus_1, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group. Metabolome analysis showed that As and/or F-induced learning and memory impairment may be related to tryptophan, lipoic acid, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) synapse, and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. The gut microbiota, metabolites, and learning memory indicators were significantly correlated. CONCLUSION Learning memory impairment triggered by As and/or F exposure may be mediated by different gut microbes and their associated metabolites.
Rats ; Animals ; Arsenic/toxicity* ; Fluorides ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Metabolome ; Microbiota

Objective:To study the effect of physical therapy and heel sound feedback on lower limbs motor function, mobility and activities of daily living (ADL) for stroke patients based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) core set. Methods:From April, 2018 to May, 2020, 113 stroke patients with motor dysfunction were divided into ischemia group (n = 67) and hemorrhagia group (n = 46) according to the cause of stroke. They received physical therapy for lower limbs and heel sound feedback for eight weeks, and assessed with ICF core set for stroke-gait, Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremities (FMA-LE), Timed 'Up and Go' Test (TUGT), and modified Barthel index (MBI) before and after intervention. Results:The main effect of time was significant for qualifiers of ICF core set for stroke-gait, the scores of FMA-LE and MBI, and TUGT time (F > 100.59, P < 0.001), and it improved time by time as Post Hoc test. The main effect of groups was not significant (F < 2.29, P > 0.05), nor as Post Hoc test. The interactive effect between time and groups was significant for TUGT time (F = 6.45, P < 0.01), perhaps improved more in the hemorrhagia group, however, the interactive effect was not significant for the others. Conclusion:Physical therapy and heel sound feedback can improve motor function of lower limb, mobility and ADL for stroke patients.

Objective:To explore the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture to improve detrusor hyperreflex after suprasacral spinal cord injury. Methods:A total of 60 female Sprague-Dawley rats were included. According to the random number table, twelve were selected as the blank group, twelve as the sham operation group, and the remaining 36 were made neurogenic bladder models using modified T₁₀ spinal cord transection. After that, twelve of them were randomly selected as the model group and twelve were as the electroacupuncture group from the model rats that met the requirements. On the 19th day after modelling, Ciliao (BL32), Zhongji (RN3) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) were taken for electroacupuncture. After seven days of continuous treatment, urodynamic testing was performed, content of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) in detrusor was determined by ELISA, and the level of phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase (p-MLCK) of detrusor was determined by Western blotting. Results:Compared with the blank group and the sham operation group, the maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance significantly reduced (P < 0.01), and the base pressure and leakage point pressure of bladder significantly increased (P < 0.01); the content of cAMP and PKA in detrusor reduced (P < 0.01), p-MLCK in detrusor reduced (P < 0.05) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance increased (P < 0.01), the base pressure of the bladder and the pressure at the leak point decreased (P < 0.05); the contents of cAMP and PKA protein in detrusor increased (P < 0.05), the p-MLCK in detrusor increased (P < 0.05) in the electroacupuncture group. Conclusion:Electroacupuncture at Ciliao, Zhongji and Sanyinjiao points could improve the bladder function of rats with detrusor hyperreflex after complete spinal cord injury, and its mechanism may be related to up-regulating the expression of cAMP and PKA, phosphorylating and inactivating p-MLCK, which promote relaxation of detrusor.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on the pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) based on the available clinical evidence. METHODS: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, CBM and Wanfang Database up to February 2021 for published randomized controlled trials (RCT) relevant to TEAS for the improvement of the pregnancy outcomes of IVF-ET. We performed literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by a meta-analysis with the RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 2 206 cases of IVF-ET from 9 RCTs were included, 1 018 in the TEAS group and 1 188 in the control. The clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the TEAS than in the mock TEAS and non-TEAS control groups (RR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.42－2.42, P < 0.001; RR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10－1.39, P = 0.0004), and so was it before and after oocyte retrieval (RR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.03－2.17, P = 0.03; RR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.12－1.92, P = 0.005). The TEAS group also showed dramatically improved embryo implantation rate (RR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.24－1.79, P < 0.0001) and live birth rate (RR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.04－1.98, P = 0.03) compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS As a safe and non-invasive treatment, TEAS can significantly improve the pregnancy outcomes of IVF-ET, with definite effectiveness. /.
Acupuncture Points ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the early mortality and related risk factors in adult patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).Methods:Adult MHD patients from 2008 to 2018 were enrolled and divided into training data group and validation data group. In training data group, multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of early death within 120 days after hemodialysis and establish a prediction model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate the prediction ability of the model.Results:A total of 4 885 patients were included. The cumulative mortality within 120 days was 20.97/100 person years, and that within 365 days was 12.25/100 person years. A total of 3 603 patients in the training data group were analyzed. The following risk factors were correlated with early mortality (all P<0.05), including age at start of dialysis over 60 years old ( OR=1.792), non-chronic glomerulonephritis ( OR=2.214), cardio-cerebrovascular disease ( OR=2.695), plasma albumin less than 35 g/L ( OR=1.358), platelet count less than 120×10 9/L ( OR=2.194), serum creatinine less than 600 μmol/L ( OR=1.652), blood urea nitrogen over 30 mmol/L ( OR=1.887), blood phosphorus less than 1.13 mmol/L ( OR=1.783), pulse pressure over 55 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) ( OR=1.656), low density lipoprotein less than 1.5 mmol/L ( OR=1.873), and blood calcium over 2.5 mmol/L ( OR=1.876). Risk prediction model was established. The other 1 282 cases in the validation data group were verified. The area under ROC curve was 0.810, with sensitivity 85.7%, and specificity 62.5%. Conclusion:The mortality rate of adult MHD patients within 120 days after dialysis is high. The established prediction model can effectively predict the risk of early death.

Shaoyao Gancaotang, first seen in Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, is composed of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle in equal proportion.It has the functions of preserving Yin to nourish blood, harmonizing liver and spleen, relieving spasm and pain.This formula is applied in leg and foot spasm and abdominal pain caused by blood deficiency, body fluid consuming and the unmoistened muscles and veins.It has been highly praised and used by medical experts throughout the ages and has extended its application scope.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Shaoyao Gancaotang has significant effects in antispasmodic, analgesic, antitussive and other areas, and is used to treat spastic diseases, painful diseases, inflammatory diseases and so on.This paper will systematically elaborate the historical evolution, compatibility analysis, pharmacological and pharmacodynamic studies, modern clinical application of Shaoyao Gancaotang, in order to provide theoretical basis and reference for the development of this famous classical formula.

Objective:To investigate the dryness effect of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis. Method:Sixty normal and healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups(10 in each group), including normal saline group, soybean oil group, low-dose(46.25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group and high-dose(500 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group of A. lancea, low-dose(46.25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group and high-dose(500 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group of A. chinensis, the dosing volume was 0.01 mL·g^-1, and the drug was administered orally for 21 days. Taking average daily water intake, submandibular gland tissue, urine volume and expression of aquaporin 2(AQP2) in the kidney, and whole blood viscosity as the evaluation indexes, the dryness effect of long-term administration of equal doses of volatile oil from A. lancea and volatile oil from A. chinensis on rats was observed. Result:Compared with the soybean oil group, long-term administration of high doses of volatile oil from A. lancea and volatile oil from A. chinensis could significantly increase average daily water intake, urine volume and whole blood viscosity; decrease the expression of AQP2, and atrophy the acini of submandibular gland, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Effects of volatile oil from A. lancea and A. chinensis with low dose on dryness of rats were not significant. Conclusion:There is no significant difference between the dryness effect of volatile oil from A. lancea and A. chinensis in the same dose. It is proved that the rationality of A. lancea and A. chinensis are universal in clinical practice, and this study provides experimental basis for rational use of Atractylodis Rhizoma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical efficacy of Tri-Lock bio-short prosthesis in artificial total hip arthroplasty(THA) in young patients with Dorr type C femoral medullary cavity. METHODS: From January 2010 to January 2014, 35 young patients(37 hips) with in the chimney-like femoral medullary cavity received Tri-Lock BPS prosthesis of THA, including 18 males(20 hips) and 17 females with an average age of (32.2±3.0) years old ranging from 21.2 to 38.5 years old. There were 16 cases of rheumatoid hip arthritis (17 hips), 8 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (9 hips), and 11 cases of aseptic necrosis of femoral head (11 hips). All cases were complicated with different degrees of osteoporosis. According to Singh index, 26 cases were classified as Grade III and 9 cases as Grade II. Biological prostheses were used for the acetabulum, with ceramic lining and full ceramic femoral head. The proximal femoral medullary cavity was Dorr type C on anteroposterior X-ray. After replacement, X-ray examination was performed to locate the prosthesis stem. Engh and Harris criteria were used to evaluate the stability of bone-prosthesis interface and hip function, respectively. Changes of hip movement pre-operation and at last follow-up were compared. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 18 to 45 months(means 33.8 months). Harris hip scores in 35 cases (37 hips) increased significantly from preoperative 61.8±3.0 (51.2 to 73.5) to 93.3±6.5 (92.5 to 98.8) points at last follow-up (=54.745, <0.01). The hip mobility increased from (46.5±8.0)°(0° to 55°) before surgery to(101.2±10.5)°(85° to 130°) at the last follow-up, the difference was statistically significant(=133.091, <0.01). Immediately after surgery, the prostheses were tightly packed with the medullary cavity. At the final follow-up, 17 hips had significant femur cortical bone thickening;12 hips had varying degrees of stress occlusal bone resorption at proximal femoral, including 9 degree I(low femur density, round and blunt) and 3 degree II(involving small rotor) hips. Meanwhile, 15 hips had significant femur cortical bone thickening without thigh pain. CONCLUSIONS The cone-shaped short Tri-lock biological short-stem can fill Dorr C chimney-like medullary cavity and effectively retain good proximal femoral bone mass. Titanium microporous coating on the surface can effectively increase the friction of the prosthesis. The short-stem end in the medullary cavity can effectively avoid the occurrence of coxa varus.
Acetabulum ; Adult ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Female ; Femur ; Femur Head ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip Prosthesis ; Humans ; Male ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult