Over the past two decades, genome-wide association study(GWAS) has identified numerous genetic variants and loci associated with heritable diseases. With the gradual maturation and saturation of GWAS methodologies, transcriptome-wide association study(TWAS) offers a novel perspective by linkinggenetic phenotypes to gene expression levels. By integrating TWAS with other multi-omics analyses, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of heritable diseases. This article provides an overview of recent groundbreaking and representative TWAS methods and tools, analyzes their strengths and limitations, and discusses future trends in TWAS development.

Objective To investigate muscle mass reduction and the effect of exercise training intervention in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods A total of 324 non-obese patients with T2DM admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were enrolled from February 2023 to February 2025. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was adopted to detect and analyze the data of appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI). Non-obese T2DM patients were classified into an observation group (n=162, receive sports training intervention) and a control group (n=162, receiving routine exercise intervention) by adopting random number grouping criteria. Both groups were intervened for 3 months. The muscle mass indicators [ASMI, body mass index (BMI), and body fat rate], exercise ability [6-minute walking distance (6MWD), grip strength, and one-leg standing time], metabolic indicators [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR)], and quality of life [Diabetes Quality of Life Scale (DQOL)] were compared between the two groups to evaluate the effectiveness of sports training intervention. Results A total of 324 non-obese T2DM patients were enrolled, including 123 cases with reduced muscle mass (37.96%). There were no significant differences in the baseline data and the proportion of patients with muscle mass reduction between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). After intervention, the ASMI, 6MWD, grip strength, and one-leg standing time in the observation group were higher or longer than those of the control group (P<0.05), while the body fat rate, FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and DQOL scores were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of muscle mass reduction is relatively high among non-obese T2DM patients, and exercise training intervention has significant effects on improving muscle mass, metabolic status, exercise capacity and quality of life in non-obese T2DM patients.

ObjectiveTo analyze the research hotspots and development trends in the field of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for spinal cord injury (SCI). MethodsLiterature about SCS for SCI was retrieve from the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database, with a time range from January, 1999 to July, 2025. VOSviewer 1.6.20 and CiteSpace 6.4.R2 were used to analyze the annual publication volume, countries, authors, institutions, journals and keywords. ResultsA total of 636 literatures were included. From 1999 to 2025, the overall publication trend in this field showed an upward trajectory, with recent years fluctuating but tending to stabilize. The country with the most publications was the United States (429 papers), followed by Russia (98 papers) and China (70 papers). The institution with the highest number of publications was the University of California, Los Angeles (76 papers), the author with the most publications was V. Reggie Edgerton (70 papers), and the journal with the most publications was Journal of Clinical Medicine (31 papers). The most frequently cited study focused on exploring the combination of epidural spinal cord stimulation with task-specific training to restore motor function in patients with complete SCI. Keyword analysis showed that the research hotspots in this field were mainly focused on neuroregulation mechanisms, recovery of motor and autonomic nervous dysfunction, artificial intelligence, closed-loop stimulation and brain-computer interface technology innovations. In recent years, the research focus gradually shifted from basic mechanisms to personalized and precise multifunctional rehabilitation strategies. ConclusionThe field of SCS for SCI has undergone phases of basic mechanism exploration and clinical application expansion. Current research hotspots and future trends focus primarily on the development of new stimulation paradigms and combined innovative technologies.

Objective To explore the changes of core symptoms and nursing strategies for lymphoma patients during chemotherapy using a dynamic network analysis model,and provide a reference for precise symptom intervention.Methods A longitudinal study was conducted,and lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy in the Department of Lymphoma at a tertiary hospital in Tianjin from September 2021 to December 2023 were conveniently sampled.The Lymphoma Patient Symptom Assessment Scale was used to track symptoms at 3 time points:7 to 14 days after the 1st treatment cycle(T1),the 3rd cycle(T2),and the 6th cycle(T3).Dynamic symptom network analysis,including network relationships,core symptoms,and bridge symptoms,was performed using R software.Results During the research process,135 participants withdrew,resulting in a final inclusion of 865 cases for analysis.Fatigue exhibited the highest incidence rate(34.80％)at T1;alopecia was the most prevalent symptom(58.03％and 53.64％,respectively)at T2 and T3.The T1→T2 dynamic network analysis showed that fever had the highest out-expected influence(EI=0.551)and bridge expected influence(EI=0.225).The T2→T3 dynamic network analysis showed that limb numbness exhibited the highest out-expected influence(EI=0.203)and bridge-expected influence(EI=0.170).Reliability tests indicated that both dynamic networks demonstrated moderate accuracy but suboptimal stability.Conclusion Fatigue was the most common symptom at T1;alopecia was the most prevalent symptom at T2 and T3.Fever was the core symptom and bridging symptom in the T1→T2 symptom network,whereas limb numbness assumed the role of the core symptom and bridging symptom in the T2→T3 symptom network.The clinical practitioners could take high-incidence symptoms and core symptoms as intervention targets to develop precise symptom management strategies for lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Avian infectious bronchitis(IB),a rapidly spreading and acute disease in chickens,is caused by the infectious bronchitis virus(IBV).IB is characterized by its remarkable genetic varia-bility.IBV has a high degree of mutation,and the existing means of immunization often fail to a-chieve good results,seriously affecting the development of the domestic poultry industry.This ar-ticle offers a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the immune response to IBV,focusing on three key areas:non-specific immunity,mucosal immunity,and specific immunity.By dissecting these aspects,the aim is to provide a theoretical reference for the study of the immune mechanism of IBV.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy(PTLB)combined with rapid on-site evaluation(ROSE)technique and serological testing for pulmonary infection.Methods A total of 92 patients with suspected pulmonary infection who underwent CT-guided PTLB combined with ROSE were selected.Among them,86 cases of pulmonary infectious lesions were diagnosed by tissue culture examination(observation group).Another 86 healthy volunteers who underwent physical examina-tion during the same period were selected(control group).The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,and Kappa consistency of CT-guided PTLB combined with ROSE for diagnosing pulmonary infection were analyzed based on tissue culture results,and their receiver oper-ating characteristic(ROC)curves were plotted.Serum levels of procalcitonin(PCT),soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1(sTREM-1),soluble cluster of differentiation 14(sCD14),nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB),Toll like receptor-2(TLR-2),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were collected from both groups,and their diagnostic efficacy were evaluated using ROC curves.Results The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of CT-guided PTLB combined with ROSE for diagnosing pulmonary infection were 0.930,0.667,and 0.913,respectively,with a Kappa value of 0.456.The ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC for diagnosing pulmonary infection was 0.798,with a 95％confidence interval of 0.569-1.000.In addition,the levels of PCT,sTREM-1,sCD14,NF-κB,TLR-2,and TNF-α in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05),and the ROC curve analysis revealed these serum indicators were statistically significant for diagnosing pulmonary infection(P＜0.05),with the AUC of 0.993,0.993,0.997,0.987,0.983,and 0.999,respectively.Conclusion CT-guided PTLB combined with ROSE tech-nique has high accuracy,good consistency,and excellent diagnostic efficacy for diagnosing pulmonary infection.Serum PCT,sTREM-1,sCD14,NF-κB,TLR-2,and TNF-α have high diagnostic value for pulmonary infection and can serve as clinical diagnostic indicators.

Objective To perform an economic evaluation of ilaprazole in the treatment of patients with peptic ulcer bleeding and low-risk stigmata,and to provide a reference for drug selection.Methods From a societal perspective,we used decision analysis to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of ilaprazole and omeprazole in treating peptic ulcer bleeding patients dur-ing hospital stays.The probabilities of model nodes were taken from phase Ⅲ clinical trial research results,while cost data came from national medical insurance prices,published literature,and hospital databases.Sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis were performed to test the stability of the results.Results A cost minimization analysis was performed.Under the basic setting,the cost of the ilaprazole group was 4 038.99 yuan,and that of the omeprazole group was 3 837.61 yuan,which means that the cost of the ilaprazole group was 201.38 yuan higher.Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable.Scenario analysis showed that ilaprazole was more cost-effective than the innovator drug of omeprazole.Conclusion Ilaprazole was less economical than ome-prazole in the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding patients with low-risk stigmata.

Aim To analyze the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCE)in patients with different types of acute coronary syndrome(ACS)undergoing coronary artery rotational atherec-tomy(RA)within two years.Methods 268 patients with ACS who underwent RA in the Department of Cardiology,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University,between November 2011 and December 2022 were retrospectively included.According to whether ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)occurred,they were divided into 25 cases in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)group and 243 cases in the non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome(NSTE-ACS)group.The NSTE-ACS group included unstable angina pectoris(UAP)and non-STEMI(NSTEMI).The basic information and intraoperative data related to percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)in the two groups were collected,and the occurrence of MACCE(including car-diovascular death,non fatal myocardial infarction,worsening heart failure,ischemic stroke and target vessel revasculariza-tion)within two years after RA was followed up and analyzed.Results Compared with the NSTE-ACS group,the STEMI group had a higher incidence of MACCE and cardiovascular mortality during the two-year follow-up period(10.3％and 0.4％vs.28.0％and 8.0％;P＜0.05).There was no statistical difference between the incidence of target vessel revascularization,nonfatal infarction,ischemic stroke and worsening heart failure between the two groups(P＞0.05).According to subgroup analysis based on enrollment periods,the results showed that over time(2011-2017 compared to 2018-2022),the incidence of MACCE in all patients within two years after RA showed a decreasing trend(18.97％vs.6.58％).Combined with previous studies,gender,hypertension,diabetes,renal insufficiency,smoking and left ven-tricular ejection fraction(LVEF)were included in the Cox regression model.It was found that the use of intravascular ul-trasound(IVUS)was an independent factor to reduce the incidence of MACCE in ACS patients within two years after RA(HR=0.333,95％CI:0.153～0.723,P＜0.01).Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that among ACS patients undergoing RA,the cumulative incidence of MACCE events was higher in the STEMI group than that in the NSTE-ACS group(P＜0.05).Conclusion STEMI patients have a higher incidence of MACCE and cardiovascular mortality within two years after RA compared to NSTE-ACS patients,and the use of IVUS during RA surgery can reduce the incidence of MACCE in ACS patients after RA.

Objective:To summarize the clinical symptoms of cyclic vomiting syndrome（CVS）in children and investigate its association with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth（SIBO）.Methods:A total of 89 children who were diagnosed as CVS and improved lactulose hydrogen breath test (LHBT) in the Pediatric Department of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from June 2020 to June 2023 were selected as CVS group.Simultaneously，50 healthy children with physical examination in our hospital were selected as the control group. According to the results of LHBT,the children with CVS were divided into SIBO group (LHBT positive) and non-SIBO group (LHBT negative). The clinical data of children in each group were compared.Results:Among the 89 CVS patients，there were 42 males and 47 females，with a mean age of（7.50±3.54）years.Common accompanying symptoms included excessive sleepiness（76 cases，85.39%），anorexia(62 cases，69.66%），constipation（55 cases，61.80%），abdominal pain（34 cases,38.20%）and so on. There were no significant differences in age and gender between children in CVS group and control group ( P>0.05). The body mass index of CVS group was lower than that of control group.The positive rate of LHBT was higher than that of the control group (56.18% vs. 8.00%),the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05),and the concentrations of hydrogen and methane in CVS group were higher than those of the control group at different time points( P<0.05).Among 89 children with CVS,there were 50 cases in SIBO group and 39 cases in non-SIBO group. There were no significant differences in gender,age and body mass index between the two groups ( P>0.05). The constipation rate and moderate/severe disease rate in SIBO group were higher than those in non-SIBO group (88.00% vs. 28.21%,94.00% vs. 43.59%),and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The incidence of SIBO in children with CVS is higher,and SIBO may play a key role in CVS. CVS children with SIBO have higher disease severity.

Objective:To investigate the bone augmentation effects of domestic decellularized porcine small intestinal submucosa (PSIS) absorbable biomembrane and domestic bovine pericardium tissue (BPT) absorbable biomembrane in guided bone regeneration (GBR) for single-tooth implantation in diabetic patients.Methods:A prospective case-control study was conducted with 48 diabetic patients who received single-tooth implant restoration at the Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology. The Fourth Military Medical University, between January 2023 and January 2024. Patients were randomly assigned to the study group (PSIS group) and the control group (BPT group) using a random number table, with 24 patients in each group. GBR was performed simultaneously with the implant surgery. Cone-beam CT was used to compare the buccal-side horizontal bone gain at 6 months post-operation between the two groups. Wound healing was evaluated at 1 and 4 weeks post-operation using wound healing scores.Results:At 6 months post-operation, the buccal-side horizontal bone gain at 2 mm below the implant abutment in the study group [69.1 (55.2, 82.4) mm] and the control group [71.4 (59.8, 77.0) mm] showed no statistically significant difference ( Z=-0.25, P=0.805). The wound healing scores at 1 and 4 weeks post-operation in the study group did not differ significantly from those in the control group at the same time points (1 week: Z=-0.49, P=0.627; 4 weeks: Z=-0.61, P=0.539). Conclusions:The use of two types of domestic absorbable collagen membranes for GBR in single-tooth implantation in diabetic patients showed comparable buccal-side horizontal bone gain effects at 6 months post-operation and similar clinical outcomes for wound healing at 1 and 4 weeks post-operation in both groups. The GBR effects of PSIS and BPT are similar.