Myopia prevention and control holds significant importance for the cultivation of strategic talents at the national level. In recent years, myopia among Chinese students has shown a trend of increasing prevalence and earlier onset. Once myopia develops, it is difficult to reverse. Schools, as the primary setting for student learning and activities, play a crucial role in mitigating the high incidence of myopia among students. This article provides a review of the progress in school-based myopia prevention and control interventions both domestically and internationally, with a focus on visual tracking exercises, outdoor light exposure, and improvements to classroom lighting environments. The study finds that methods such as visual tracking exercises, outdoor light exposure, and classroom lighting improvement can effectively prevent students from developing myopia and control the progression of myopia. The findings may offer scientific evidence for further improving policy formulation in China.

Objective:The purpose of this paper is based on the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery, to discuss the timing of taking food and water in knee arthroplasty patients, as well as its feasibility and safety, so as to improve the quality of quality nursing services.Methods:The 226 knee arthroplasty patients in Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital) from September 2020 to November 2021 were selected and divided into a control group and a experimental group using the random number table method, with 113 cases in each group. The control group adopted a conventional postoperative feeding management method; the experimental group adopted the early and timely feeding management method after comprehensive assessment. The data were compared between the two groups, including the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting within 6 h and from 6 to 24 h after surgery , the incidence of thirst and hunger at 2 h, 4 h and 6 h postoperatively, and the comfort level.Results:The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the experimental group [19.5%(22/113), 13.3%(15/113)] than in the control group [32.7%(37/113), 23.9%(27/113)] within 6 h and from 6 to 24 h after surgery, and the severity (21 cases of gradeⅠ, 10 cases of gradeⅡand 6 cases of grade Ⅲ) was also lower than in the control group (17 cases of gradeⅠ, 29 cases of gradeⅡand 18 cases of grade Ⅲ), and the differences were all statistically significant ( χ2 = 5.16,4.21, Z = -2.72, P<0.05). The incidence of thirst were lower in the experimental group [14.2%(16/113), 8.0%(9/113), 2.7%(3/113)] than in the control group [26.5%(30/113), 29.2%(33/113), 40.0%(35/113) at 2 h, 4 h and 6 h postoperatively, and the incidence of hunger at 4 h and 6 h postoperatively [11.5%(13/113), 8.0%(9/113)] were lower than in the control group [32.7%(37/113), 34.5%(39/113)], with statistically significant differences ( χ2 values were 5.35 to 32.39, all P<0.05). The postoperative comfort scale scores of physiological (31.04 ± 1.00) and psychological (33.50 ± 1.45) were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (27.46 ± 1.78) and (31.37 ± 1.29), and the differences were statistically significant ( t values were -102.36 to -66.26, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Early postoperative feeding management at the right time reduces the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting inknee arthroplasty patients. In addition, it can also reduce the incidence of thirst and hunger, and improve patients′ postoperative physiological and psychological comfort, which has a facilitating effect on achieving rapid recovery of patients.

Objective:The antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolated from the mainland of China during the 2018-2019 influenza surveillance year were analyzed.Methods:Two thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains in the 2018-2019 influenza surveillance year were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition test. The hemagglutinin(HA) gene of 279 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains was sequenced and analyzed. The representative strains of the dominant clades were performed for antigenic characteristics using post-vaccination human antisera.Results:Two thousand eight hundred and sixty-one (97%, 2 861/2 958) viruses characterized were antigenically similar to A/Michigan/45/2015. All HA gene of the sequenced viruses belonged to 6B.1 clade, and 269(96%, 269/279) viruses belonged to 6B.1A subclade. Compared with the vaccine virus, it had the common amino acid substitutions of S74R, S164T and I295V in the HA protein. There were several small groups with common amino acid substitutions in the 6B.1A subclade, and 51% sequenced viruses had S183P amino acid substitution in this subclade. The result of antigenic analysis using post-vaccination human antiserums showed that most of the representative strains were well inhibited by the sera.Conclusions:The antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in the mainland of China in 2018-2019 influenza surveillance year matched well with the corresponding vaccine strain, but the HA gene had genetically diverse characteristic.

Objective To investigate the effect of open surgical drainage approach for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis ( WOPN) in severe acute pancreatitis. Methods Clinical data of 154 WOPN patients admitted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2005 to October 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Traditional open debridement necrosectomy was performed in 83 patients from January 2005 to October 2012 ( debridement group) , and small abdominal incision with low-position open surgical drainage was performed in 71 patients from October 2012 to October 2016 ( drainage group ) . The clinical outcomes of two groups were analyzed and compared. Results 43 cases (51. 8％) in debridement group had postoperative intraperitoneal reinfection, while there were only 13 cases with postoperative intraperitoneal reinfection (18. 3％) in drainage group;18 cases (21. 7％) in debridement group had surgery-related digestive tract fistula, while there were only 4 cases with surgery-related digestive tract fistula (5. 6％) in drainage group; the differences were statistically significant (χ2 = 18. 55, P=0. 001; χ2 = 11. 35, P=0. 002). 15 patients (18. 1％) in debridement group and only 2 patients (2. 8％) in drainage group died. The mortality in drainage group were obviously lower than that in debridement group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 9. 07, P<0. 05 ). 62 cases ( 74. 7％) in debridement group and 55 cases (77. 5％) in drainage group were cured directly, respectively. No significant difference was found between two groups. However, 3 cases (3. 6％) in debridement group and 12 cases (16. 9％) in drainage group were cured by the way of small intestinal fistula in the late stage of intubation, and the latter was higher than the former with statistically significant(χ2 =5. 989,P=0. 014). Conclusions Compared with open debridement necrosectomy, the abdominal infection rate, digestive tract fistula rate and mortality of open surgical drainage were all significantly reduced , which may be a better treatment for WOPN.

Objective To evaluate the clinico-pathologic presentations and prognosis in the very elderly patients undergoing renal biopsy.Methods The patients who underwent renal biopsy in Nephrology Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were screened from May 2012 to March 2016.All patients were divided into observation group (aged ≥80 years) and control group (aged 65-70 years).The clinico-pathological classifications and prognosis were compared between the two groups.Results Primary glomerulopathy was the most frequent pathologic diagnosis in observation and control groups[20(60.6％) and 64(64.0％),respectively,P=0.726].Among primary glomerulopathy,membranous nephropathy was the most frequent histopathological type[10(50.0％) and 40 (62.5％)] in observation and control groups,respectively,(P =0.320).Among secondary glomerulopathy,the number of patients in observation group were 10 cases (30.3％) and were 13 cases (13.0％) in control group (t=5.194,P＜0.05),with no significant differences between the two groups in amyloid degeneration,ANCA-associated vasculitis,HBV-associated Glomerulonephritis,and nephritis of Schonlein-Henoch purpura.In the very elderly patients with nephrotic syndrome,glomerular minimal change was the most common histological type [7 (30.4％)],followed by membranous nephropathy[6 (26.1％)].Furthermore,there were no side effects of perinephric hematoma,gross hematuria,arteriovenous fistula or other complications.Conclusions The pathological types distribution of patients aged ≥ 80 versus 65-70 years is different.And the renal biopsy is relatively safe and has an important role for the very elderly patients.

Objective The risk of current pancreaticojejunostomy is carefully considered from the perspective of the morphology of remnant pancreas,and we aimed to discuss the clinical outcomes of selecting different pancreaticojejunostomy techniques based on pancreatic morphology.Methods This was a prospective cohort study.The histopathology of remnant pancreatic tissues was categorized into four types based on preoperative radiological images and intraoperative palpation:Type Ⅰ:pancreas with hard texture in palpation,pancreatic atrophy,dilated pancreatic duct larger than 5 mm and remnant pancreatic surface ＜3 cm;Type Ⅱ:pancreas with hard texture in palpation,pancreatic atrophy and mild dilatation of pancreatic duct with the diameter of 3-5 mm and remnant pancreatic surface ＜3 cm;Type Ⅲ:pancreas with slightly hard texture,no atrophy,and normal or slightly dilated pancreatic duct with the diameter of 3-5 mm and remnant pancreatic surface ≥3 cm;Type Ⅳ:pancreas with soft texture,normal morphology and pancreatic duct.Results From January 2008 to August 2017,116 consecutive patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our center.Among them,10 patients with type Ⅰ underwent classic pancreatic ductal mucosa to mucosa anastomosis.19 patients with type Ⅱ underwent classic end to end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy.45 patients with type Ⅲ underwent classic end to end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy with overlapping U sutures;42 patients with type Ⅵ underwent total invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy.The post-operative pancreatic fistula occurred in 6 patients (5.2％) with one patient died.Postoperative bleeding occurred in 10 patients (8.6％),and gastroparesis occurred in 22 patients (19.0％).Overall complication rate was 33.6％.Conclusions Classification of pancreatic morphology based on preoperative radiological images and intraoperative palpation and the selection of corresponding pancreaticojejunostomy technique is theoretically rational and has the advantage of potentially reducing the risk of remnant pancreatic tissue.

Objective To analyze the phenotypic characteristics of antiviral-resistant influenza B viruses circulating in mainland China and to analyze the susceptibility of influenza B viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors ( NAIs) . Methods Antiviral-resistant phenotyping test was performed to analyze the NAI suscep-tibility of 1 386 influenza B viruses isolated in mainland China from April 2014 to March 2015, including the test of susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Results All of the 94 B-Victoria lineage viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Of all 1 292 B-Yamagata lineage viruses tested, 1 virus showed re-duced sensitivity to oseltamivir with NA gene containing I221T amino acid mutation, 10 viruses showed re-duced sensitivity to zanamivir with 4 having D197N amino acid mutation in NA gene, 3 viruses showed re-duced sensitivity to both oseltamivir and zanamivir with NA gene possessing D197N amino acid mutation and 1 virus carrying the A245T amino acid mutation in NA gene showed reduced sensitivity to oseltamivir and highly reduced sensitivity to zanamivir. Conclusion The majority of influenza B viruses circulating in main-land China during 2014 to 2015 were sensitive to NAIs, which indicated that NAIs could be used continually for clinical treatment of patients with influenza. Sustained monitoring of antiviral susceptibility of influenza B viruses should be emphasized for timely detection of antiviral resistant viruses and more attention should be paid to the D197N mutations in NA gene of influenza B viruses.

Data based on the antiviral-resistant phenotyping characteristics of 884 influenza B viruses circulating in mainland China from October 2013 to March 2014 were analyzed to assess the susceptibility of influenza B viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. All 884 viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir; two viruses (0.23%) had reduced sensitivity to zanamivir and all other viruses were sensitive to zanamivir. Among the 38 viruses with a B/Victoria lineage, B/Shandong-Kuiwen/1195/2014 exhibited a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for zanamivir that was elevated by 5. 12-fold (1.78 nM) compared with neuraminidase inhibitors sensitive to the reference virus (0.34 nM), suggesting that it exhibited reduced inhibition by zanamivir. D35G, N59D and S402T (39, 64 and 399 with N2 number) amino-acid substitutions in the NA gene were detected with no previously reported antiviral-resistant substitutions. Among viruses with the 846 B/Yamagata lineage, B/Hunan-Lingling/350/2013 exhibited a 7.99-fold elevated IC50 for zanamivir (2.72 nM) compared with neuraminidase inhibitors sensitive to the reference virus (0.34 nM), suggesting that it exhibited reduced inhibition by zanamivir. D197N (N2 number), a previously reported antiviral resistant-related amino-acid substitution in the NA gene, was detected in B/Hunan-Lingling/350/2013. These data suggest that recently circulating influenza B viruses in mainland China have retained susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors.
Amino Acid Substitution ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Influenza B virus ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Neuraminidase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Viral Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism

To analyze the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the influenza A (H3N2) virus in mainland China during the surveillance year of 2013-2014, the antigenic characteristics of H3N2 virus were analyzed using reference ferret anti-sera. The nucleotide sequences of the viruses were determined by Sanger dideoxy sequencing, phylogenetic trees were constructed with the neighbor-joining method, and the genetic characteristics of the viruses were determined in comparison to current vaccine strains. The results showed that most of the H3N2 viruses were antigenically closely related to the A/Victoria/361/2011 vaccine strain cell-propagated prototype virus (99.6%). Using the A/Texas/50/2012 egg isolate as the reference antigen, 15.1% of the viruses were found to be closely antigenically related to it, while 11.9% of strains were closely antigenically related to the egg-propagated epidemic strain, A/Shanghai-Changning/1507/2012. Phylogenetic analysis of HA genes indicated that the A(H3N2) viruses in this surveillance year were in the same clade, but no drug resistant mutation was identified in the NA genes. During the 2013-2014 influenza surveillance year, no significant genetic change was detected in either the HA or NA genes of the A(H3N2) viruses, while significant mutations were found in egg isolates resulting from their adaptation during propagation in eggs. The antigenic and genetic changes should be investigated in a timely manner to enable the selection of an appropriate vaccine strain in China.
Animals ; Antigenic Variation ; Base Sequence ; Chick Embryo ; China ; Genetic Variation ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny

OBJECTIVETo analyze the susceptibility of influenza A (H3N2) viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors during 2011-2012 in Mainland China.

METHODSAll the tested viruses were obtained from the Chinese National Influenza Surveillance Network, which covers 31 provinces in mainland China, including 408 network laboratories and 554 sentinel hospitals. In total 1 903 viruses were selected with isolation date from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012 in Mainland China, among these viruses, 721 were confirmed to be influenza A (H3N2) virus by Chinese National Influenza Center and tested for the susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir using chemiluminescence-based assay. The neuraminidase inhibitor sensitive reference virus A/Washington/01/2007 (119E) and oseltamivir resistant virus A/Texas/12/2007 (E119V) were used as control in this study. The t -test was used to compare the difference of NAI susceptibility of viruses isolated from different years.

RESULTSThe half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of A/Washington/01/2007 for oseltamivir and zanamivir was (0.10 ± 0.02) and (0.30 ± 0.05) nmol/L, respectively. The IC₅₀ of A/Texas/12/2007 for oseltamivir and zanamivir was (4.27 ± 1.60) and (0.20 ± 0.03) nmol/L, respectively. Among the 721 influenza A (H3N2) viruses, 132 influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated in 2011 and 589 influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated in 2012. The IC50 for oseltamivir ranged from 0.04 to 0.62 nmol/L for viruses isolated in 2011 and ranged from 0.02 to 0.95 nmol/L for viruses in 2012, and the IC₅₀ of all the viruses tested was within 10-fold IC₅₀ (1.0 nmol/L) of the neuraminidase inhibitor sensitive reference virus A/Washington/01/2007. The IC50 of zanamivir ranged from 0.12 to 0.80 nmol/L for viruses in 2011 and ranged from 0.04 to 0.72 nmol/L for viruses in 2012, and was within 10-fold IC₅₀ (3.0 nmol/L) of the neuraminidase inhibitor sensitive reference virus A/Washington/01/2007.

CONCLUSIONThe influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated during 2011-2012 in Mainland China were tested to be sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir.

Antiviral Agents ; China ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; Neuraminidase ; Oseltamivir ; Zanamivir