Retinal vein occlusion-induced macular edema(RVO-ME)is a severe complication of retinal vein occlusion, known for its challenging treatment, persistence, and tendency to recur. Recent studies have demonstrated that combined therapy offers advantages over single therapy, effectively reducing macular edema, enhancing visual function, decreasing the frequency of treatments, lowering overall costs, and easing the patient's burden. This approach addresses the limitations of single treatment methods and has garnered significant clinical interest. This article reviews the current status and future prospects of combined treatments for RVO-ME.

AIM: To investigate the influence of relevant inflammatory markers in peripheral blood on the progression of neovascular glaucoma(NVG)secondary to diabetic retinopathy(DR)patients.METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of NVG: those with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)alone(PDR group, n=148)and those with NVG secondary to PDR(NVG secondary to PDR group, n=142). Peripheral blood inflammatory markers were evaluated, including white blood cell-related indices, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio(MLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index(SII). The distinctions in peripheral blood inflammatory markers between the two groups of patients and their relationships with NVG secondary to PDR were analyzed.RESULTS:No statistically significant differences were observed in basic characteristics between the two groups, confirming their comparability. However, significant differences were found in eosinophil percentage and MLR between the PDR group and the NVG secondary to PDR group(all P<0.05), with both values being significantly higher in the NVG secondary to PDR group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that the eosinophil percentage and the MLR were factors influencing the development of patients with NVG secondary to PDR.CONCLUSION: Eosinophil percentage and MLR may be associated with the progression of PDR to NVG, and could serve as potential predictive markers for NVG development in PDR patients.

Objective To explore the value of oral contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (OCEUS) combined with contrast-enhanced CT in predicting preoperative T staging in patients with gastric cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 80 patients with gastric cancer confirmed via endoscopic biopsy or postoperative pathology at the First People’s Hospital of Jining from January 2021 to November 2024. The cohort included 56 males and 24 females, aged 38-79 years, with a median age of 55.9 years. All patients underwent both OCEUS and contrast-enhanced CT within one week prior to surgery. T staging of gastric cancer was determined using OCEUS, contrast-enhanced CT, or their combination. The results were compared with pathological T staging, and statistical differences in accuracy were analyzed. Results Pathological T staging identified T1 in 9 cases, T2 in 16 cases, T3 in 42 cases, and T4 in 13 cases. OCEUS indicated T1 in 6 cases, T2 in 14 cases, T3 in 50 cases, and T4 in 10 cases, with an accuracy rate of 80.0%. Contrast-enhanced CT indicated T1 in 4 cases, T2 in 12 cases, T3 in 52 cases, and T4 in 12 cases, with an accuracy rate of 75.0%. The combination of OCEUS and contrast-enhanced CT indicated T1 in 6 cases, T2 in 15 cases, T3 in 47 cases, and T4 in 12 cases, with an accuracy rate of 87.5%. The combined approach demonstrated significantly higher accuracy in preoperative T staging compared to either method alone (P < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of OCEUS and contrast-enhanced CT improves the accuracy of preoperative T staging in gastric cancer patients, providing valuable support for their diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To evaluate cardiac involvement in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) using echocardiography combined with electrocardiography. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the detailed medical records of AAV patients treated in Jining First People’s Hospital between January 2020 and December 2024. Eighty patients were enrolled in the AAV group, and the risk of heart disease was compared between the AAV group and a control group with 80 subjects matched for age, sex, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Results Electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 78.75% of patients in the AAV group, while significant electrocardiographic abnormalities only occurred in symptomatic patients in the control group. There were no differences in left atrial enlargement or interventricular septal thickening between the AAV group and the control group. The overall left ventricular systolic function in the AAV group was lower than that in the control group (8.75% vs. 0). The incidence of reduced diastolic function in the AAV group was significantly higher than that in the control group (37.5% vs. 15%). The incidence rates of tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, and pericardial effusion in the AAV group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Pericardial thickening, aortic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, and rare periaortic granulomas were found in the AAV group, but not in the control group. Conclusion Echocardiography and electrocardiography are important examination methods for evaluating cardiac involvement in AAV. These methods have key roles in disease screening, diagnosis and treatment, follow-up, and prognosis judgment.

Cemental tear is a rare and indetectable condition unless obvious clinical signs present with the involvement of surrounding periodontal and periapical tissues. Due to its clinical manifestations similar to common dental issues, such as vertical root fracture, primary endodontic diseases, and periodontal diseases, as well as the low awareness of cemental tear for clinicians, misdiagnosis often occurs. The critical principle for cemental tear treatment is to remove torn fragments, and overlooking fragments leads to futile therapy, which could deteriorate the conditions of the affected teeth. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and subsequent appropriate interventions are vital for managing cemental tear. Novel diagnostic tools, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), microscopes, and enamel matrix derivatives, have improved early detection and management, enhancing tooth retention. The implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, combined with improved clinical awareness among dental professionals, serves to mitigate risks of diagnostic errors and suboptimal therapeutic interventions. This expert consensus reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, potential predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cemental tear, aiming to provide a clinical guideline and facilitate clinicians to have a better understanding of cemental tear.
Humans ; Dental Cementum/injuries* ; Consensus ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Tooth Fractures/therapy*

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of paeoniflorin on glucose metabolism， inflammation and oxidative stress in rats with gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） and its potential mechanism based on nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/ heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1）/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate：quinone oxidoreductase 1 （NQO1） signaling pathway. METHODS The female rats fed with high fat and high sugar diet and the male rats fed with an ordinary diet were caged， the successfully conceived rats were collected， and streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally once to induce the GDM model. The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group， metformin hydrochloride group （200 mg/kg metformin by gavage）， paeoniflorin low-， high-dose groups （45， 90 mg/kg paeoniflorin by gavage， respectively）， paeoniflorin+ML385 group （90 mg/kg paeoniflorin by gavage and intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg Nrf2 inhibitor ML385）， with 12 rats in each group； in addition， another 12 conceived rats fed with an ordinary diet were selected as the control group. The rats in each drug group were given the corresponding drug/normal saline， once a day， for 2 consecutive weeks. Glucose metabolism indexes [fasting blood glucose （FBG）， fasting insulin （FINS）， insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR）]， serum inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 （IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor- α （TNF- α）] and renal tissue oxidative stress indexes [superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）] were detected； the pathological changes of renal tissue were observed， and the protein expressions of Nrf2， HO-1 and NQO1 in renal tissue were detected. RESULTS Compared with the control group， the renal tissue lesions of the model group were obvious， including glomerular atrophy， edema degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration； the levels of FBG and FINS， HOMA-IR， the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum， and the level of MDA in renal tissue were significantly increased （P＜0.05）， while the levels of SOD and GSH-Px and the protein expressions of Nrf2， HO-1 and NQO1 in renal tissue were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. Compared with the model group， the renal tissue lesions of rats in paeoniflorin low-dose and high-dose groups were reduced， the above quantitative indexes were significantly improved， and the improvement effect was better in high-dose group （P＜0.05）， while ML385 could significantly reverse the improvement effect of paeoniflorin on the above indexes （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Paeoniflorin can improve the abnormal glucose metabolism， inflammation and oxidative stress damage of renal tissue in GDM rats， which may be related to the activation of Nrf2/HO-1/NOQ1 signaling pathway.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of trehalose on oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R) injury in H9C2 cells and the role of solute carrier family 7 member 11- (SLC7A11)-glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) signaling pathway.Methods:Well-grown H9C2 cells were divided into 4 groups ( n=24 each) by the random number table method: control group (group C), OGD/R group (group O), OGD/R+ trehalose group (group OT) and OGD/R+ trehalose+ erastin group (group OTE). The cells were normally cultured in group C. In O, OT and OTE groups, the DMEM medium was replaced with EBSS medium, the cells were exposed to 5% CO 2-95% N 2 in an incubator at 37 ℃ for 6 h, and then the medium was replaced with DMEM medium supplemented with 6% fetal bovine serum to restore oxygen and glucose supply for 24 h. In group OT, trehalose at a final concentration of 50 mmol/L was added during restoration of oxygen and glucose supply. In group OTE, the SLC7A11 inhibitor erastin at a final concentration of 10 μmol/L was added at 8 h before oxygen-glucose deprivation, and trehalose at a final concentration of 50 mmol/L was added during restoration of oxygen and glucose supply. The cell viability, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, contents of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured at 24 h of restoration of oxygen and glucose supply. The expression of SLC7A11, GPX4, long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase 4 (ACSL4), and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) was detected by Western blot. The structure of the mitochondrial morphology was observed with a transmission electron microscope. Results:Compared with group C, the cell viability and GSH content were significantly decreased, the LDH activity, contents of MDA and iron, and ROS level were increased, the expression of SLC7A11, GPX4 and FTH1 was down-regulated, and the expression of ACSL4 was up-regulated in group O ( P<0.05). Compared with group O, the cell viability and GSH content were significantly increased, the LDH activity, contents of MDA and iron, and ROS level were decreased, the expression of SLC7A11, GPX4 and FTH1 was up-regulated, and the expression of ACSL4 was down-regulated in group OT ( P<0.05). Compared with group OT, the cell viability and GSH content were significantly decreased, the LDH activity, contents of MDA and iron, and ROS levels were increased, the expression of SLC7A11, GPX4 and FTH1 was down-regulated, and the expression of ACSL4 was up-regulated in group OTE ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Trehalose can inhibit ferroptosis by activating the SLC7A11-GPX4 signaling pathway, thereby attenuating OGD/R injury in H9C2 cells.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors.Bone metastasis is a common complication during the entire course of breast cancer.The vicious cycle of"tumor-bone microenvironment"was easily formed,which led to the occurrence of bone-related events such as bone pain,pathological fractures,and hypercalcemia,etc.Studies have found that active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii exhibit the effect of anti-breast cancer and regulation of bone microenvironment,including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and migration,inhibition of tumor angiogenesis,induction of autophagy in tumor cells,regulation of bone formation in osteoblast cell,inhibition of bone resorption in osteoclast cell,promoting the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts,and regulation of immune microenvironment,which may be helpful to inhibit breast cancer and bone metastasis.This article systematically reviewed the research progress on pharmacological effects of Tripterygium wilfordii in preventing breast cancer and bone metastasis,analyzed the limitations and application prospects of the current research.

Unique factors in the space environment can cause dysbiosis of astronauts' gut microbiota and its metabolites, which may exert systematic physiological effects on human body. Recent progress regarding the effect of space flight/simulated space environment (SF/SPE) on the composition of gut microbiota and its metabolites was reviewed in this paper. SF/SPE may cause the increase of invasive pathogenic bacteria and the decrease of beneficial bacteria, aggravating intestinal inflammation and increasing intestinal permeability. SF/SPE may also cause the decrease of beneficial metabolites or the increase of harmful metabolites of gut microbiota, leading to metabolism disorder in vivo, or inducing damage of other systems, thus not beneficial to the health and working efficiency of astronauts. Summarizing the effects of SF/SPE on gut microbiota may provide scientific basis for further researches in this field and the on-orbit health protection of astronauts.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology* ; Dysbiosis/microbiology* ; Bacteria/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To review targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) surgery for the construction of intelligent prosthetic human-machine interface, thus providing a new clinical intervention paradigm for the functional reconstruction of residual limbs in amputees. METHODS: Extensively consulted relevant literature domestically and abroad and systematically expounded the surgical requirements of intelligent prosthetics, TMR operation plan, target population, prognosis, as well as the development and future of TMR. RESULTS: TMR facilitates intuitive control of intelligent prostheses in amputees by reconstructing the "brain-spinal cord-peripheral nerve-skeletal muscle" neurotransmission pathway and increasing the surface electromyographic signals required for pattern recognition. TMR surgery for different purposes is suitable for different target populations. CONCLUSION TMR surgery has been certified abroad as a transformative technology for improving prosthetic manipulation, and is expected to become a new clinical paradigm for 2 million amputees in China.
Humans ; Artificial Limbs ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; Plastic Surgery Procedures ; Prosthesis Implantation