Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) have emerged as a serious global health issue due to its high rates of occurrence, disability, and mortality. DFU exhibit an exceptionally high recurrence rate, driven by a combination of behavioral and biological factors, leading to the recognition of fully epithelialized ulcers as being in "remission" rather than cured. However, the pathogenic factors underlying recurrent DFU (RDFU) remain poorly understood. This review examines the epidemiological characteristics and pathophysiological mechanisms of RDFU. Key mechanisms include neuropathy, angiopathy, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic memory. Research demonstrates that RDFU development results from the interplay of multiple factors: hyperglycemia-induced metabolic abnormalities, chronic inflammatory responses, vascular and neurological damage, as well as dysregulated epigenetic control. These factors interact synergistically, creating a vicious cycle that increases the risk of recurrence and delays recovery. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review aims to provide a foundation for future research and clinical management of RDFU. The insights presented support the development of personalized treatment strategies and effective preventive measures to reduce recurrence and improve patient outcomes.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),which belongs to the or-thopoxvirus genus along with the smallpox virus.In Jul.2022 and Aug.2024,the World Health Organization(WHO)declared monkeypox outbreaks"public health emergencies of international concern"twice.The virus pri-marily spreads through close contact,which can be transmitted from infected animals to humans and among hu-mans.Pregnant women are susceptible to MPXV,and the virus can be transmitted vertically to the fetus through the placenta,with trophoblastic cells in the placenta considered to be the targets for MPXV replication.MPVX in-fection during pregnancy may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage,premature birth and fetal death,and the clinical treatment outcomes are closely associated with the subtype of the virus.The diagnosis of monkeypox mainly relies on MPXV DNA test.To prevent monkeypox,women who are at the childbearing age should complete the vaccination before the pregnancy and avoid contacting with the patients with monkeypox or the animals that may carry MPXV.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV)and was upgraded twice to a"Public Health Emergency of International Concern"by The World Health Organization(WHO)in 2022 and 2024,respectively.The clinical presentation of monkeypox is similar to that of smallpox but is less se-vere;the typical features of the monkeypox include fever,lymphadenopathy,disseminated rash,commonly ac-companied by headache,myalgia and back pain.The diagnosis should be made based on exposure history,typical clinical manifestations and MPXV DNA testing.MPXV has certain neuroinvasive properties and is able to break through the blood-brain barrier.The article is aimed at the review of literatures regarding to the MPXV-associat-ed neurological complications at present and at the exploration of epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifes-tations,pathogenic mechanisms and prevention and treatment strategies so as to raise the clinicians'awareness of the MPXV-associated neurological manifestations.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV)and was upgraded twice to a"Public Health Emergency of International Concern"by The World Health Organization(WHO)in 2022 and 2024,respectively.The clinical presentation of monkeypox is similar to that of smallpox but is less se-vere;the typical features of the monkeypox include fever,lymphadenopathy,disseminated rash,commonly ac-companied by headache,myalgia and back pain.The diagnosis should be made based on exposure history,typical clinical manifestations and MPXV DNA testing.MPXV has certain neuroinvasive properties and is able to break through the blood-brain barrier.The article is aimed at the review of literatures regarding to the MPXV-associat-ed neurological complications at present and at the exploration of epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifes-tations,pathogenic mechanisms and prevention and treatment strategies so as to raise the clinicians'awareness of the MPXV-associated neurological manifestations.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) have emerged as a serious global health issue due to its high rates of occurrence, disability, and mortality. DFU exhibit an exceptionally high recurrence rate, driven by a combination of behavioral and biological factors, leading to the recognition of fully epithelialized ulcers as being in "remission" rather than cured. However, the pathogenic factors underlying recurrent DFU (RDFU) remain poorly understood. This review examines the epidemiological characteristics and pathophysiological mechanisms of RDFU. Key mechanisms include neuropathy, angiopathy, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic memory. Research demonstrates that RDFU development results from the interplay of multiple factors: hyperglycemia-induced metabolic abnormalities, chronic inflammatory responses, vascular and neurological damage, as well as dysregulated epigenetic control. These factors interact synergistically, creating a vicious cycle that increases the risk of recurrence and delays recovery. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review aims to provide a foundation for future research and clinical management of RDFU. The insights presented support the development of personalized treatment strategies and effective preventive measures to reduce recurrence and improve patient outcomes.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),which belongs to the or-thopoxvirus genus along with the smallpox virus.In Jul.2022 and Aug.2024,the World Health Organization(WHO)declared monkeypox outbreaks"public health emergencies of international concern"twice.The virus pri-marily spreads through close contact,which can be transmitted from infected animals to humans and among hu-mans.Pregnant women are susceptible to MPXV,and the virus can be transmitted vertically to the fetus through the placenta,with trophoblastic cells in the placenta considered to be the targets for MPXV replication.MPVX in-fection during pregnancy may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage,premature birth and fetal death,and the clinical treatment outcomes are closely associated with the subtype of the virus.The diagnosis of monkeypox mainly relies on MPXV DNA test.To prevent monkeypox,women who are at the childbearing age should complete the vaccination before the pregnancy and avoid contacting with the patients with monkeypox or the animals that may carry MPXV.