Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the common malignant tumors in central nervous system, characterized by excessive angiogenesis. Anti-angiogenic therapeutic drug can improve the therapeutic effect on GBM by inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms of angiogenesis in recurrent GBM differ from those in primary GBM, potentially bypassing the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and forming new blood vessels through alternative routes, thereby the efficacy of anti-angiogenic drug is often poor in recurrent GBM. This review focuses on research progress in angiogenesis mechanism before and after GBM recurrence and provides references for GBM treatment.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the common malignant tumors in central nervous system, characterized by excessive angiogenesis. Anti-angiogenic therapeutic drug can improve the therapeutic effect on GBM by inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms of angiogenesis in recurrent GBM differ from those in primary GBM, potentially bypassing the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and forming new blood vessels through alternative routes, thereby the efficacy of anti-angiogenic drug is often poor in recurrent GBM. This review focuses on research progress in angiogenesis mechanism before and after GBM recurrence and provides references for GBM treatment.

Although the functions of metabolic enzymes and nuclear receptors in controlling physiological homeostasis have been established, their crosstalk in modulating metabolic disease has not been explored. Genetic ablation of the xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 in mice markedly induced adipose browning and increased energy expenditure to improve obesity. CYP2E1 deficiency activated the expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) target genes, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, that upon release from the liver, enhanced adipose browning and energy expenditure to decrease obesity. Nineteen metabolites were increased in Cyp2e1-null mice as revealed by global untargeted metabolomics, among which four compounds, lysophosphatidylcholine and three polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be directly metabolized by CYP2E1 and to serve as PPARα agonists, thus explaining how CYP2E1 deficiency causes hepatic PPARα activation through increasing cellular levels of endogenous PPARα agonists. Translationally, a CYP2E1 inhibitor was found to activate the PPARα-FGF21-beige adipose axis and decrease obesity in wild-type mice, but not in liver-specific Ppara-null mice. The present results establish a metabolic crosstalk between PPARα and CYP2E1 that supports the potential for a novel anti-obesity strategy of activating adipose tissue browning by targeting the CYP2E1 to modulate endogenous metabolites beyond its canonical role in xenobiotic-metabolism.

OBJECTIVE：To optimize the primary processing technology of Gentiana rigesce ns. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted for content determination of loganic acid ，swertiamarin and gentiopicroside in G. rigescens ，and overall desirability value （OD value ） of the contents of above 3 components was taken as index to carry out single factor test on blanching temperature，blanching time and drying temperature. Based on that ，Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology was used to optimize primary processing technology of G. rigescens . Validation test was also performed. The samples prepared by optimized technology were compared with those dried in the shade. RESULTS ：The optimal primary processing technology of G. rigescens included blanching time of 5 min，blanching temperature of 40 ℃ and drying temperature of 60 ℃. Validation test showed that the average OD value of the 3 components was 0.565 2，with a deviation of 0.94％ from the predicted value （0.570 6）. Compared with samples dried in the shade ，OD value of 3 components in samples prepared by optimized technology were increased significantly ， indicating the quality of the samples prepared by the optimized technology was better. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimal technology is stable and feasible ，and can be used for the primary processing of G. rigescens .

Objective To investigate the copy number variants of a developmental delay patient by applying single nucleotide polymorphisms array technique and to analyze the relationship between the clinical manifestation and copy number variants.Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms array was used to detect genomic copy number variants in a child with development delay and her phenotypic normal parents.Results The patient had a 7. 9-Mb deletion at 8p23.3-p23.1 and a 27.4-Mb duplication at 8p23.1-p11.23, which were conifrmed as pathogenic copy number variants after comparative analysis with database.Conclusions Single nucleotide polymorphisms array could serve as a useful method to diagnose developmental delay patients and analyze pathogenesis.

Objective struclured clinical examination (OSCE) is a kind of examination which could objectively evaluate the students′clinical skills.Nowadays,OSCE are wildly applied in medical educational field throughout the world.Timely discussion and analysis on the problems existed in the implementation process of OSCE is necessary.Measures should be taken to improve the OSCE examination and to meet the requirements of higher clinical practice training level such as increasing clinical skill simulation training hardware investment,optimizing settings and conlents of the examination and the test stations as well as introducing standardized patients (SP) and other measures.

OBJECTIVETo determine the ginsenoside Rg2 and study its excretion in bile, feces and urine of rat.

METHODReversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with an ultra-violet detector (UVD) was performed at a detection wavelength of 203 nm and with a Dikma Diamonsil C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), which the mobile phase was consisted of methanol-aq. 4% H3PO4 (65:35), for determination of the ginsenoside Rg2 in bile, feces and urine after administration of the ginsenoside Rg2 to rat at a tail vein single dose of 20 mg x kg(-1).

RESULTThe HPLC-UVD method fulfilled all the standard requirements of linearity, recovery, precision, and accuracy. After tail vein administration of the ginsenoside Rg2 to rat, the 5.5 hour cumulative biliary excretion rate and the 24-hour cumulative feces excretion rate of intact ginsenoside Rg2 were 27.2% and 22.6% of the administered dose, respectively. But intact ginsenoside Rg2 could not be detected in urine during this experimental period.

CONCLUSIONThe bile and feces were the main excretion routs of the unchanged form after tail vein administration of the ginsenoside Rg2 to rat.

Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Feces ; chemistry ; Ginsenosides ; analysis ; urine ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Technology, Pharmaceutical

OBJECTIVE: To study the absorption and transport of pachymic acid (PA) isolated from the sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf. in human intestinal epithelium. METHODS: By using Caco-2 (the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines) cell monolayers as an intestinal epithelial cell model, the permeability of PA was studied from apical side (AP side) to basolateral side (BL side) or from BL side to AP side. The PA was measured by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detector at maximum absorption wavelength of 210 nm. Transport parameters and apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were then calculated and compared with those of propranolol and atenolol, which were the transcellular transport markers for high and poor permeability respectively. RESULTS: The Papp values of PA were (9.50+/-2.20) 10(-7) cm/s from AP side to BL side, and (11.30+/-5.90) 10(-7) cm/s from BL side to AP side, respectively. Under the condition of this experiment, the Papp values were 1.45x10(-5) cm/s for propranolol and 4.22x10(-7)cm/s for atenolol. CONCLUSION: PA is transported through the Caco-2 cell monolayer in a concentration-dependent manner and the transport was linear with time. The absorption in apical to basolateral direction and secretion in basolateral to apical direction were poor and their Papp values were comparable to atenolol. Besides passive diffusion of PA, ATP is partially involved in its transport.