With the emergence of deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) has driven transformative developments in the field of medical image analysis. Recently, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have also started to achieve distinction in this domain. Increasing research shows the undeniable role of AI in reshaping various aspects of medical image analysis, including processes such as image enhancement, segmentation, detection in image preprocessing, and postprocessing related to medical diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings. However, despite the significant progress in AI research, studies investigating the recent advances in AI technology in the aforementioned aspects, the changes in research hotspot trajectories, and the performance of studies in addressing key clinical challenges in this field are limited. This article provides an overview of recent advances in AI for medical image analysis and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of AI technologies.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Deep Learning ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods*

Two novel diketopiperazines (1 and 5), along with ten known compounds (2-4, 6-12) demonstrating significant skin inflammation inhibition, were isolated from a marine-derived fungus identified as Aspergillus sp. FAZW0001. The structural elucidation and configurational reassessments of compounds 1-5 were established through comprehensive spectral analyses, with their absolute configurations determined via single crystal X-ray diffraction using Cu Kα radiation, Marfey's method, and comparison between experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 1, 2, and 8 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities in Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)-induced human monocyte cell lines. Compound 8 demonstrated the ability to down-regulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression by inhibiting Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression and modulating the activation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, thus reducing the cellular inflammatory response induced by P. acnes. Additionally, compound 8 showed the capacity to suppress mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, thereby reducing IL-1β maturation and secretion. A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) model was applied to compounds 5-12 to analyze their anti-inflammatory structure-activity relationships.
Humans ; Aspergillus/chemistry* ; Diketopiperazines/isolation & purification* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification* ; Interleukin-1beta/genetics* ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology* ; Propionibacterium acnes/drug effects* ; NF-kappa B/genetics* ; Molecular Structure ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/immunology* ; Monocytes/immunology* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics* ; Cell Line

[Purpose]To analyze the results of cervical cancer screening among married women of 25～64 years old in Shihezi City from 2021 to 2023,and to explore the risk factors of cervical le-sions.[Methods]The results of cervical cancer screening among married women aged 25～64 years old in Shihezi City from 2021 to 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.The detection rates of common gynecological diseases,cervical cancer and precancerous lesions and human papillo-mavirus(HPV)infection by cervical cytology,colposcopy and cervical biopsy were analyzed.[Re-sults]The HPV infection(mainly single infection)rate was 10.74％.The common gynecological diseases were vaginitis,cervicitis and uterine leiomyoma.The detection rate of cervical cancer was 19.59/105,and the detection rate of cervical precancerous lesions was 308.52/105.Rural resi-dents,HPV 16/18 infection,genital warts were the risk factors for cervical lesions.[Conclusion]Female cervical lesions are significantly correlated with HPV 16/18 infection,genital condyloma acuminatum,particularly for rural residents,and preventive care,early screening and interven-tion should be strengthened for these populations.

AIM:To study the mechanism of oxy-sophoridine(OSR)in relieving neuropathic pain(NP).METHODS:The analgesic effect of OSR was observed by measuring mechanical pain sensitivity.By combining OSR with agonists and antagonists re-lated to synthesis and metabolism of gamma ami-nobutyric acid(GABA),the mechanism related to analgesic effects of OSR and GABA nervous system is studied.The expression of c-Fos immunopositive cells and the expression of c-Fos and Glutamic acid decarboxylase(Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67)in brain and spinal cord were detected by immunoflu-orescence staining.Co-expression of GAD67,GABA transporter 1(gamma-Aminobutyric acid Transport-er 1,GAT-1)immunopositive cells.RESULTS:Com-pared with Sham group,spared nerve injury(SNI)group showed increased mechanical pain sensitivi-ty,increased expression of c-Fos immunopositive cells,decreased and increased co-expression of c-Fos and GAD67 and GAT-1 immunopositive cells,re-spectively.Compared with SNI group,mechanical algesia in OSR 500 and 1 000 mg/kg groups was de-creased,algesia in OSR 250 mg/kg combined with antagonist group was decreased,and algesia in OSR 500 mg/kg combined with agonist group was increased.The co-expression of c-Fos and GAD67 immunopositive cells in the brain and spinal cord of OSR 500 mg/kg group increased,while the co-ex-pression of c-Fos and GAT-1 decreased.CONCLU-SION:OSR has a good analgesic effect on NP mice induced by SNI.The mechanism is that OSR increas-es the content of central GABA by up-regulating GABAergic neurons in brain and spinal cord.

[Purpose]To analyze the results of cervical cancer screening among married women of 25～64 years old in Shihezi City from 2021 to 2023,and to explore the risk factors of cervical le-sions.[Methods]The results of cervical cancer screening among married women aged 25～64 years old in Shihezi City from 2021 to 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.The detection rates of common gynecological diseases,cervical cancer and precancerous lesions and human papillo-mavirus(HPV)infection by cervical cytology,colposcopy and cervical biopsy were analyzed.[Re-sults]The HPV infection(mainly single infection)rate was 10.74％.The common gynecological diseases were vaginitis,cervicitis and uterine leiomyoma.The detection rate of cervical cancer was 19.59/105,and the detection rate of cervical precancerous lesions was 308.52/105.Rural resi-dents,HPV 16/18 infection,genital warts were the risk factors for cervical lesions.[Conclusion]Female cervical lesions are significantly correlated with HPV 16/18 infection,genital condyloma acuminatum,particularly for rural residents,and preventive care,early screening and interven-tion should be strengthened for these populations.

AIM:To study the mechanism of oxy-sophoridine(OSR)in relieving neuropathic pain(NP).METHODS:The analgesic effect of OSR was observed by measuring mechanical pain sensitivity.By combining OSR with agonists and antagonists re-lated to synthesis and metabolism of gamma ami-nobutyric acid(GABA),the mechanism related to analgesic effects of OSR and GABA nervous system is studied.The expression of c-Fos immunopositive cells and the expression of c-Fos and Glutamic acid decarboxylase(Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67)in brain and spinal cord were detected by immunoflu-orescence staining.Co-expression of GAD67,GABA transporter 1(gamma-Aminobutyric acid Transport-er 1,GAT-1)immunopositive cells.RESULTS:Com-pared with Sham group,spared nerve injury(SNI)group showed increased mechanical pain sensitivi-ty,increased expression of c-Fos immunopositive cells,decreased and increased co-expression of c-Fos and GAD67 and GAT-1 immunopositive cells,re-spectively.Compared with SNI group,mechanical algesia in OSR 500 and 1 000 mg/kg groups was de-creased,algesia in OSR 250 mg/kg combined with antagonist group was decreased,and algesia in OSR 500 mg/kg combined with agonist group was increased.The co-expression of c-Fos and GAD67 immunopositive cells in the brain and spinal cord of OSR 500 mg/kg group increased,while the co-ex-pression of c-Fos and GAT-1 decreased.CONCLU-SION:OSR has a good analgesic effect on NP mice induced by SNI.The mechanism is that OSR increas-es the content of central GABA by up-regulating GABAergic neurons in brain and spinal cord.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy, safety and possible mechanisms of celecoxib as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia.Methods:90 schizophrenic inpatients at the second affiliated hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from April 2019 to October 2020 were recruited and randomly assigned to a placebo group or the celecoxib adjunctive treatment group using a random number table. In the placebo group, 46 patients (29 males, 17 females; aged 21-34, mean age 27.46±6.50 years) completed a 6-week follow-up. In the celecoxib group, 44 patients (32 males, 12 females; aged 21-39, mean age 30.52±8.69 years) completed a 6-week follow-up. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychiatric symptoms in both groups. Changes in PANSS score at the end of the treatment were compared to evaluate the efficacy of celecoxib. Metabolic indicators such as weight, body mass index, waist circumference and plasm glucolipid, as well as cardiovascular indicators like blood pressure, electrocardiogram and routine blood tests, and adverse events were collected for the safety evaluation. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were also tested. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between cytokine levels, PANSS score, PANSS reduction rate [(pre-treatment score-post-treatment score)/pre-treatment score×100%], and the safety measurements in the two groups, analyzing the role of inflammation in celecoxib adjunctive therapy.Results:The change of PANSS positive score at the end of the 6th week was significantly higher in the celecoxib adjuvant treatment group than in the placebo group (-8.00±6.12 vs -4.78±5.19, H=-0.55, P=0.009). The weight changes, body mass index, total cholesterol, and triglycerides over 6 weeks were significantly lower in the celecoxib group compared to the placebo group ( F=-7.37, -7.30, 2.56, -2.54; all P<0.05). No serious adverse events were found in celecoxib adjuvant therapy. In the placebo group, baseline TNF-α levels were positively correlated with baseline negative symptoms and PANSS reduction rate ( r=0.260 and 0.330, both P<0.05), and negatively correlated with the 6-week weight ( r=-0.311, P<0.05); baseline IL-4 levels were positively correlated with the 6-week PANSS total score and the 6-week PANSS negative score ( r=0.320 and 0.397, both P<0.05), and negatively correlated with PANSS reduction rate and 6-week blood glucose ( r=-0.316 and -0.331, both P<0.05); Six-week IFN-γ levels were negatively correlated with low-density lipoprotein levels ( r=-0.306, P<0.05). And no such correlation was found in celecoxib adjuvant group. Conclusion:Celecoxib adjunctive therapy can improve positive symptoms of schizophrenia without causing adverse reactions. Inflammatory state is related to schizophrenia symptoms, treatment efficacy and metabolic abnormalities.

Objectives:To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase( IDO) genes and schizophrenia (SZ) in a Chinese Han population. Methods:Using a case-control study method, 3 700 in-patients with SZ were recruited from January 2010 to December 2021 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, and 8 580 healthy controls were recruited from surrounding communities in Xinxiang City. The patient group and control group were matched in gender and age. After collecting peripheral blood from all subjects and extracting genomic DNA, the sample DNA was genotyped using methods such as gene chips and amplification refractory mutation system. The association analysis between IDO gene SNPs and SZ was conducted using the online analysis tool SHEsis. The differences in IDO gene SNP genotype and allele frequency between the two groups were compared using chi-square test. Linkage disequilibrium analysis, haplotype analysis, and Hardy Weinberg equilibrium test were performed using Haploview v4.2 software. A multifactor dimensionality reduction software was used to evaluate the interaction between SNPs and SNP frequencies. Results:In the four SNP loci of IDO gene, there was a significant difference in genotype and allele frequency between the SZ patient and the health control at rs9657182 locus (χ 2=11.81, P=0.003;χ 2=5.54, P=0.019). After Bonferroni correction, the genotype difference at rs9657182 locus still showed statistical significance ( P=0.011). There were no statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequency among the three SNP locis (rs7820268, rs4503083, and rs10109853). Further stratified by gender, there was no significant difference in genotype frequency between the two groups at the rs9657182. Haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotype of CC and TC (rs9657182 and rs7820268) were significantly different between the two groups (χ 2=3.93,4.78, P=0.048, 0.029). Conclusion:The rs9657182 locus of IDO gene may be a susceptible locus for SZ. The haplotype of CC and TC may be associated with the onset of SZ.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of mosapride citrate dispersible tablet (MP) combined with Shugan Jieyu capsule (SGJY) in the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD).Methods:From April 2018 to January 2019, FD patients from 10 hospitals including Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Luohe Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Handan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang were selected for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety in FD patients, respectively. According to the random number table method, 200 FD patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into SGJY+ MP group and placebo+ MP group, with 100 patients in each group, and all the patients were given oral MP. The patients of the SGJY+ MP group and the placebo+ MP group were given oral SGJY or placebo on the basis of MP, respectively. The patients of both groups were treated continuously for 6 weeks. Total FD symptom scores, PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores, as well as efficiency and safety were evaluated after treatment. Independent samples t-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 193 patients were included into the full analysis set with 94 cases in the SGJY+ MP group and 99 cases in the placebo+ MP group. A total of 183 patients completed the 6-week trial, including 89 cases in the SGJY+ MP group and 94 cases in the placebo+ MP group. A total of 198 patients were included in the safety analysis set, including 99 cases in the SGJY+ MP group and 99 cases in the placebo+ MP group.After treatment, the total FD symptom scores of the SGJY+ MP group and the placebo+ MP group were both lower than those of baseline before treatment (3.71±3.06 vs. 11.79±5.18 and 4.17±3.69 vs. 11.19±5.05), and the differences were both statistically significant ( t=-24.87 and -23.27, both P<0.001). The efficacy of the SGJY+ MP group was higher than that of the placebo+ MP group (86.5%, 77/89 vs. 74.5%, 70/94), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.69, P=0.030). The efficacy of patients with moderate-to-severe anxiety and depression in the SGJY+ MP group was both higher than that of patients in the placebo+ MP group (10/10 vs. 3/7, 85.0%, 17/20 vs. 8/14), and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=5.66 and 5.33, P=0.017 and 0.010). The efficacy of patients with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) subtype in the SGJY+ MP group was higher than that of patients in the placebo+ MP group (93.0%, 53/57 vs. 76.5%, 39/51), and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=5.82, P=0.016). The PHQ-9 scores of patients with depression in both SGJY+ MP and placebo+ MP groups were lower than those at baseline before treatment (3.63±2.76 vs. 7.87±2.24 and 3.35±2.51 vs. 7.63±2.25), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-14.88 and -15.87, both P<0.001). There was no significant difference in proportion of depressed patients with a ≥50% reduction in PHQ-9 scores from baseline value between the SGJY+ MP group and the placebo+ MP group (60.2%, 50/83 vs. 62.8%, 54/86; χ2=0.05, P=0.825). The GAD-7 scores of anxious patients both the SGJY+ MP group and the placebo+ MP group were lower than the baseline value before treatment (3.27±2.57 vs. 7.09±2.08 and 3.86±2.49 vs. 6.84±1.66), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-13.30 and -11.47, both P<0.001). The proportion of anxious patients with a ≥50% reduction in GAD-7 scores from baseline in the SGJY+ MP group was higher than that of the placebo+ MP group (54.4%, 43/79 vs. 36.5%, 27/74), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.53, P=0.033). There were no serious adverse events in both the SGJY+ MP group and the placebo+ MP group during the treatment. There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events and adverse reactions during the treatment between the SGJY+ MP group and the placebo+ MP group (7.1%, 7/99 vs. 5.1%, 5/99, and 3.0%, 3/99 vs. 3.0%, 3/99, respectively; both P>0.05). Conclusion:SGTY can safely and effectively improve the efficacy of the prokinetic drugs in the treatment of FD symptoms, especially in FD patients with PDS subtype or with moderate-to-severe anxiety and with depression.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy, safety and possible mechanisms of celecoxib as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia.Methods:90 schizophrenic inpatients at the second affiliated hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from April 2019 to October 2020 were recruited and randomly assigned to a placebo group or the celecoxib adjunctive treatment group using a random number table. In the placebo group, 46 patients (29 males, 17 females; aged 21-34, mean age 27.46±6.50 years) completed a 6-week follow-up. In the celecoxib group, 44 patients (32 males, 12 females; aged 21-39, mean age 30.52±8.69 years) completed a 6-week follow-up. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychiatric symptoms in both groups. Changes in PANSS score at the end of the treatment were compared to evaluate the efficacy of celecoxib. Metabolic indicators such as weight, body mass index, waist circumference and plasm glucolipid, as well as cardiovascular indicators like blood pressure, electrocardiogram and routine blood tests, and adverse events were collected for the safety evaluation. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were also tested. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between cytokine levels, PANSS score, PANSS reduction rate [(pre-treatment score-post-treatment score)/pre-treatment score×100%], and the safety measurements in the two groups, analyzing the role of inflammation in celecoxib adjunctive therapy.Results:The change of PANSS positive score at the end of the 6th week was significantly higher in the celecoxib adjuvant treatment group than in the placebo group (-8.00±6.12 vs -4.78±5.19, H=-0.55, P=0.009). The weight changes, body mass index, total cholesterol, and triglycerides over 6 weeks were significantly lower in the celecoxib group compared to the placebo group ( F=-7.37, -7.30, 2.56, -2.54; all P<0.05). No serious adverse events were found in celecoxib adjuvant therapy. In the placebo group, baseline TNF-α levels were positively correlated with baseline negative symptoms and PANSS reduction rate ( r=0.260 and 0.330, both P<0.05), and negatively correlated with the 6-week weight ( r=-0.311, P<0.05); baseline IL-4 levels were positively correlated with the 6-week PANSS total score and the 6-week PANSS negative score ( r=0.320 and 0.397, both P<0.05), and negatively correlated with PANSS reduction rate and 6-week blood glucose ( r=-0.316 and -0.331, both P<0.05); Six-week IFN-γ levels were negatively correlated with low-density lipoprotein levels ( r=-0.306, P<0.05). And no such correlation was found in celecoxib adjuvant group. Conclusion:Celecoxib adjunctive therapy can improve positive symptoms of schizophrenia without causing adverse reactions. Inflammatory state is related to schizophrenia symptoms, treatment efficacy and metabolic abnormalities.