With the emergence of deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) has driven transformative developments in the field of medical image analysis. Recently, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have also started to achieve distinction in this domain. Increasing research shows the undeniable role of AI in reshaping various aspects of medical image analysis, including processes such as image enhancement, segmentation, detection in image preprocessing, and postprocessing related to medical diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings. However, despite the significant progress in AI research, studies investigating the recent advances in AI technology in the aforementioned aspects, the changes in research hotspot trajectories, and the performance of studies in addressing key clinical challenges in this field are limited. This article provides an overview of recent advances in AI for medical image analysis and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of AI technologies.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Deep Learning ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods*

Two novel diketopiperazines (1 and 5), along with ten known compounds (2-4, 6-12) demonstrating significant skin inflammation inhibition, were isolated from a marine-derived fungus identified as Aspergillus sp. FAZW0001. The structural elucidation and configurational reassessments of compounds 1-5 were established through comprehensive spectral analyses, with their absolute configurations determined via single crystal X-ray diffraction using Cu Kα radiation, Marfey's method, and comparison between experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 1, 2, and 8 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities in Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)-induced human monocyte cell lines. Compound 8 demonstrated the ability to down-regulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression by inhibiting Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression and modulating the activation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, thus reducing the cellular inflammatory response induced by P. acnes. Additionally, compound 8 showed the capacity to suppress mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, thereby reducing IL-1β maturation and secretion. A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) model was applied to compounds 5-12 to analyze their anti-inflammatory structure-activity relationships.
Humans ; Aspergillus/chemistry* ; Diketopiperazines/isolation & purification* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification* ; Interleukin-1beta/genetics* ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology* ; Propionibacterium acnes/drug effects* ; NF-kappa B/genetics* ; Molecular Structure ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/immunology* ; Monocytes/immunology* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics* ; Cell Line

AIM: To investigate the effect of Qiteng Xiaozhuo granule on inflammation indexes in rats with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) through miR-339-5p. METHODS: CGN model was established by adriamycin (ADR) injection into tail vein of rats. Qiteng Xiaozhu granules (21.6, 10.8, 5.4 g/kg) of different doses were intragastric-fed for 30 days. Pathological changes in kidney tissues of CGN rats were observed by HE staining and electron microscopy. The contents of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in serum and kidney tissue of CGN rats were detected by qRT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot. Relative expressions of miR-339-5p, Syk and p-Syk proteins were detected by Western blot, the relative expressions of miR-339-5p mRNA and Syk mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: There were thickening of basement membrane and glomerular atrophy in the model group. Compared with the normal group, the expression of miR-339-5p and IL-10 in the model group was significantly down-regulated, while the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and Syk was significantly up-regulated. Qiteng Xiaozhuo granule group could significantly reduce the protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Syk in kidney tissue.CONCLUSION: Qiteng Xiaozhuo granule may down-regulate the expression of inflammatory factors through miR-339-5p in the treatment of inflammatory symptoms in CGN rats.

Objective:To understand the current situation of nurses in 52 hospitals in China on mastery of knowledge about skin injury in the elderly based on the background of mixed-mode homogenization training.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 1 067 nurses from 52 hospitals in China were selected as the research objects in January 2021. A self-designed questionnaire on knowledge of skin injury in the elderly was used to investigate the nurses through the questionnaire star and univariate analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. A total of 1 067 questionnaires were distributed and 1 067 valid questionnaires were recovered, and the effective recovery rate was 100%.Results:The knowledge scores of pressure injury, incontinence-associated dermatitis, skin tear and xerosis cutis among 1067 nurses were (95.66±7.37) , (95.65±9.15) , (91.37±15.45) and (87.67±15.91) , respectively. The results of univariate analysis showed that hospital grade was the influencing factor of nurses' knowledge score of pressure injury, skin tear and incontinence-associated dermatitis ( P<0.05) , educational background was the influencing factor of nurses' knowledge score of skin tear ( P<0.05) , professional title was the influencing factor of nurses' knowledge scores of pressure injury, incontinence-associated dermatitis and xerosis cutis ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:Hospitals at all levels need to strengthen the theoretical and practical knowledge training for nurses on skin xerosis and skin tear in the elderly, especially for nurses with primary titles and lower education in grassroots hospitals.

Guided by the development of new medical science proposed by Ministry of Education and the "Education and Training Plan for Excellent Doctors 2.0", shifted from treatment-oriented to whole life-health cycle, we have explored curriculum ideological and political education in metabolic-related curriculum chain. Firstly, we constructed a core teaching team and had the training of curriculum ideological and political education. The top-level design was made with the integration of moral education into medical education. Secondly, the syllabus was comprehensively revised, containing the connotation of "morality education". The elements relevant to curriculum ideological and political education hidden behind professional courses were excavated. Finally, the mixed teaching mode of online combining with offline was carried out. Metabolism-related curriculum chain, focused on "metabolism, diabetes, obesity and patient education", formed a progressive link from basic medical science to practice to clinical, strengthening the "prevention, treatment and health care" based "one health" philosophy and giving full play to the implicit curriculum ideological and political education hidden behind professional courses. Our practice shows that the implementation of curriculum ideological and political education in metabolism-related curriculum has been accepted by students, and curriculum ideological and political education has been become part of professional courses. The "gene chimera" mode for curriculum ideological and political education incorporation into professional courses needs to be infiltrated imperceptibly, and the effect will be visualized in the future.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the erythrocyte membrane protein gene mutations and the clinical severity of hereditary spherocytosis (HS). Methods: Targeted sequencings were performed on 25 HS patients, correlation between HS mutations and patients’ clinical characteristics were evaluated. Results: A total of 25 HS patients were enrolled, including 13 males and 12 females with median age of 20 (4-55) years, including 9 compensatory hemolysis patients, 9 patients with mild anemia, 3 patients with moderate anemia and 4 patients with severe anemia. Of them, 18 patients (72%) harbored HS-related mutations, including ANK1 mutation in 6 cases, SLC4A1 mutation in 6 cases, SPTB mutation in 5 cases and 1 case with EPB41 mutation. Seven patients (28%) didn’t carry common HS mutations. SPTB and SLC4A1 mutations mainly affected male patients. There was no significant difference between the age of diagnosis (P=0.130) and HGB level (P=0.585) in patients with HS mutation and those without mutation, however, the EMA binding fluorescence intensity (P=0.015), AGLT50 (P=0.032) and EOF minimal hemolytic concentration (P=0.027) were significantly different in these two groups of HS patients. Conclusion To screen erythrocyte membrane protein coding gene mutations could favor the diagnosis of HS, and patients without mutations have mild clinical phenotype.

Objective Rapid elevation of the IgG antibody against Candida Enolase ( Eno ) has been observed in patients with invasive candidosis in an early stage .The present study was to confirm the association of Candida colonization with humoral im-mune anamnestic response of the dominant antigen . Methods Twenty-four mice were randomized into group 1 treated by oral Candi-da colonization plus intraperitoneal infection ( immunocompetent , n=8) , 2 treated with immunosuppressant in addition to the treatment of group 1 ( immunocompromised , n=8) , 3 treated by oral Candida colonization only ( immunocompetent , n=4) and 4 treated by in-traperitoneal injection only( immunocompetent, n=4).The number of Eno-specific memory B-cells in the spleen and the levels of IgG , IgM and IgA antibodies were determined in the peripheral blood of the immunocompetent and immunocompromised invasive candidiasis mice . Results At 7 days after invasive infection , there were significantly more Eno-specific memory B-cells in the mice of groups1 ( 47.25 ± 13.81) and 2 (43.14±15.95) than in groups 3 (8.00±3.74) and 4(8.50±2.38) (P<0.01), with no statistically significant differences between either groups 1 and 2 or groups 3 and 4 (P >0.05).Eno-IgG antibodies were detected in the serum of the mice of the first two groups in the early stage of invasive infection and positively corre -lated with antigen-specific memory B-cells (r=0.737,P <00.1 ). Conclusion Rapid elevation of the Eno-IgG antibody level in the early stage of invasive infection after Candida colonization may be attributed to the rapid proliferation of humoral immune memory cells.

Objective Invasive candidiasis is associated with a significant mortality clinically.The purpose of this study was to observe the T cells immune response to fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba), an immunodominant antigen of Candida albicans, and determine whether the antigen has the possibility of priming cellular immune protection in invasive candiasis.Methods Using ELISPOT assay, we determined the frequencies of positive spot-forming cells (SFCs) of Fba antigen-specific T cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 26 healthy individuals.Results After Fba stimulation, the frequencies of positive SFCs of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A in the 26 healthy subjects were 23 (9.75, 42.50), 0 (0, 0.25) and 1.5 (0.75, 8.25), respectively, with statistically significant differences among the three (P<0.01).The response rates of IFN-γ (100% [26/26]) and IL-17A (76.92% [20/26]) were significantly higher than that of IL-4 (15.38% [4/26]) (P<0.01).Fba-induced strong response (SCFs ≥20) for IFN-γ was observed in 57.69% (15/26) of the healthy individuals, that for IL-17A in only 1, while that for IL-4 in none.Responses of both Th1 and Th17 cells to Fba were found in 65.38% (17/26) of the subjects, that of Th1 cells in 19.23% (5/26), but that of Th2 cells in none.Conclusion Fba of Candida albicans can induce immunodominant responses of Th1 and Th17 cells and is a potential vaccine against invasive candiasis.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of injury in college students in north jiangsu area ,a‐nalysis its related factors .Methods With the method of random cluster sampling ,1 857 students as the research object .Using self‐made questionnaire survey ,choose Chinese college students′ mental health scale (CCSM HS ) and Chinese perceived stress scale (CPSS) to investigate the mental health status of the research object .Results In 1 857 students ,639 students had more than once hurt ,harm the annual incidence of 34 .41% ;Incidence rate of injury was highest in junior college student(38 .94% ) ,lowest in gradu‐ate student(31 .75% ) .The highest constituent ratio of hurt types was fall/collision injury(34 .64% ) ,and lower extremity injuries was the main injured area .Education ,age ,ranking in the home ,parents′marital status ,students and their parents′physical condi‐tion ,the relationship with the students ,and the roommate to the occurrence of friction ,go out to work ,as well as the psychological stress test ,10 factors of college students′psychological scale ,10 factors oftotal pressure and tension factor were influencing factors of injury .Conclusion Damage and mental health problems is closely related .Safety education ,psychological education and interven‐tion should be carried out in order to effectively prevent and reduce the incidence of injury .

Objective To detect the expression of BRAF V600E mutant protein in cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM),and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in detecting BRAF V600E mutation.Methods IHC with an anti-BRAF V600E monoclonal antibody was performed to detect the expression of BRAF V600E mutant protein in paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 103 patients with CMM and 40 patients with nevus.Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS software version 17.0,and the expression rate of BRAF V600E mutant protein was compared by chi-square test.Results The expression rate of BRAF V600E mutant protein in the CMM patients was 20.4％ (21/103),significantly higher than that in the nevus patients (5.0％ (2/40),x2 =5.06,P ＜ 0.05).Significant differences were observed in the expression rate of BRAF V600E mutant protein between CMM patients of different age groups (29.8％ (14/47) in patients aged ＜ 60 years vs.12.5％ (7/56) in those aged ≥ 60 years,P ＜ 0.05) and nationality (30.2％ (13/43) for Uygur nationality vs.13.3％ (8/60) for Han nationality,P ＜ 0.05),as well as among CMM lesions from different anatomical sites (13.6％ (6/42) in acral sites vs.11.8％ (4/29) in mucous membrane vs.45.8％ (11/32) in non-acral sites,P ＜ 0.05) and of different Clark levels (8.6％ (4/42) for grade Ⅰ-Ⅲ vs.12.4％ (17/61) for grade Ⅳ-Ⅴ,P＜ 0.05),but not between male and female CMM patients or between CMM patients with lymph node metastasis and those without (both P ＞ 0.05).IHC with the anti-BRAF V600E antibody showed a sensitivity of 100％ (15/15) and a specificity of 98.5％ (65/66) in detecting BRAF V600E mutation.Conclusions The expression of BRAF V600E mutant protein is up-regulated in CMM lesions,and CMM patients of Uygur nationality seems to have a higher expression rate than those of Han nationality.IHC appears to be an accurate and rapid method to detect V600E BRAF mutation.