Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of Yiqi Fuzheng Jiedu decoction （YQFZJDD） on autophagy and growth of A549 cells. Method:A549 cells were intervened with YQFZJDD-containing serum prepared in advance. The levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， homologue of yeast autophagy-related gene 6 （Beclin1）， p62， p53， adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， phosphorylated AMPK （p-AMPK）， mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， and phosphorylated mTOR （p-mTOR） were detected by Western blot assay， and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B （MAP1LC3B） by immunofluorescence （IF） assay. The proliferation， invasion， and senescence of A549 cells were separately measured by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine （EDU） staining， Transwell assay， and β-galactosidase staining. In the presence of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine （3-MA， 5 mmol·L^-1）， the cells were divided into the 10% fetal bovine serum （blank） group， 10% control serum （control） group， low-， medium-， and high-dose 10% YQFZJDD-containing serum groups， and high-dose 10% YQFZJDD-containing serum + 3-MA group， followed by the measurement of A549 cell proliferation， invasion， and senescence. In the adoption of p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α （PFT-α， 10 μmol·L^-1）， the cells were divided into the control group， PFT-α group， high-dose YQFZJDD-containing serum group， and high-dose YQFZJDD-containing serum + PFT-α group. Then the LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin1 expression， MAP1LC3B fluorescence intensity， as well as A549 cell proliferation， invasion and senescence were determined. Result:Compared with the blank group and control group， YQFZJDD-containing serum at the medium and high doses up-regulated the protein expression levels of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin1 in A549 cells after 48-h intervention in a dose-dependent manner （P<0.01）. Besides， YQFZJDD-containing serum at the low-， medium-， and high-doses down-regulated p62 and p-mTOR/mTOR expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）， elevated p53 and p-AMPK/AMPK （P<0.01）， decreased the number of proliferative and invasive cells， increased the number of senescent cells （P<0.01）， and enhanced the IF intensity of MAP1LC3B， with the optimal effect observed in the high-dose YQFZJDD-containing serum group （P<0.01）. Compared with the high-dose YQFZJDD-containing serum group， the high-dose YQFZJDD-containing serum + 3-MA group and high-dose YQFZJDD-containing serum + PFT-α group exhibited significantly increased proliferative and invasive cells but decreased senescent cells （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Meanwhile， the IF intensity of MAP1LC3B in the high-dose YQFZJDD-containing serum + PFT-α group was weakened and the LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin1 protein expression levels declined （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Conclusion:YQFZJDD promotes the autophagy of A549 cells through the p53/AMPK signaling pathway to inhibit their proliferation， invasion and migration but accelerate senescence， thus playing a crucial role in inhibiting the progression of lung cancer.

Mongolians have a long history of using prescriptions, which can be classified into four stages as follows: the germination and experience accumulation stage before the 13 th century, the theoretical formation stage from the 13 th to 16 th century, the rapid development stage from the 17 th to 20 th century, and the leaping development stage from the mid-20 th century to the present. The prescriptions from the ancient classical or representative medical books have always been used by Mongolian physicians for generations, and they are still in use due to the definite curative effects. In 2008, the Notice on Issuing the Supplementary Provisions to the Registration and Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) described that China has attached more importance to the excavation and development of classical prescriptions. As stipulated in the Law of the People's Republic of China on Traditional Chinese Medicine, the classical prescriptions should be those available in ancient TCM classics and still in wide use, with exact curative effects, distinct features, and obvious advantages. This paper expounded the historical formation and development of classical prescriptions in Mongo-lian medicine, introduced the five most influential ancient medical books revealing the formation and development of these classic prescriptions, and traced the origin of such classical prescriptions as Wenguanmu Siwei Decoction, Shouzhangshen Bawei Decoction, Jianghuang Siwei Decoction and summarized the origin, development history and characteristics of classical prescriptions in Mongolian medicine, aiming to provide a reference for their further research and development.
Books ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Medicine, Mongolian Traditional ; Prescriptions

Objective: To summarize the clinical application of Zhenbao pills (Eerdun-Wurile) in recent years, so as to clarify its clinical efficiency and provide an effective basis for future research. Methods: The clinical application of Zhenbao pills (Eerdun-Wurile) was classified and summarized by consulting the relevant literature. Results: Mongolian medicine Eerdun-Wurile consists of many active ingredients such as Sandalwood Padauk, pearl, Myristica fragrans, Calculus bovis, Bufallo horn concentrated powder, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Euphorbia humifusa, Catsia tora Linn, Chingma Abutilon Seed, Resina Liquidambaris, Carthamus tinctorius L, Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb, Cardamoj amomum, Semen Nigellae, Cuminum cyminum L, Piper longum Linn, Lygodium japonicum, crab, medicine terminalia fruit, MeLia toosendan Sieb.etZucc, musk, white sandalwood, Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Aucklandia lappa Decne, Inula helenium L, Amomum tsao-ko Crevostet Lemaire etc. Mongolian medicine Eerdun-Wurile used for treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cerebral infarction, cerebral infarction and ischemic stroke, rheumatic heart disease, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, rheumatism, kind rheumatism, cervical spondylosis, arthritis, insomnia, high blood pressure, epilepsy, skin diseases, diabetes, eye diseases. Conclusion Mongolian Medicine Eerdun-Wurile has remarkable curative effect on cardiovascu- lar and cerebrovascular diseases, brain infarction, cerebral infarction, ischemic stroke, diabetic diseases, rheumatism, bone diseases and so on. In this paper, the curative effect of this drug was summarized to provide reference for its clinical application.

To study the dynamic change law of bioactive constituents from Polygonum multiflorum, and to explore the optimal harvest period of P. multiflorum. Determination of stilhene glucoside, anthraquinones and catechin from P. multiflorum in different harvest times by MEKC-DAD, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to comprehensive evaluation for bioactive constituents. There are obvious differences among the contents of active ingredients in various collecting periods samples, the content of stilbene glucoside was the highest in November, the total content of combined anthraquinone was the highest in November and December, the content of catechin was the highest in September. The comprehensive evaluation index obtained with principal component analysis showed that the sample collected in November is significantly higher than those with other samples. The optimal harvest period of P. multiflorum is November.
Electrophoresis ; Fallopia multiflora ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Time Factors

Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent and glycyrrhizin has activities of anti-inflammation, immunoregulation and anti-viral infections. To enhance antiviral efficacy and weaken side-effects of ribavirin, antiviral effects of the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin were studied in the present study. Firstly, a mouse model of viral pneumonia was established by inoculation of influenza H1N1 virus. Protective effects of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin used alone or in combination against H1N1 virus infection in mice were evaluated based on the survival rate, lung index and virus titer in lungs of mice. Results showed that the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin significantly inhibited the lung consolidation with a 36% inhibition ratio on the lung swell of infected mice. The combination of the two drugs exhibited synergetic effects on survival of infected mice. The combination of 50 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) glycyrrhizin and 40 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) ribavirin resulted a 100% protection for infected mice with a synergetic value of 36, which was significantly higher than the control group and each drug alone. This combination also resulted a significant drop of lung virus titer (P < 0.01), as well as inhibition on the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.01) and IL-1β (P < 0.05) induced by virus infection compared to the control. The treatment of ribavirin plus glycyrrhizin was more effective in influenza A infection in mice than either compound used alone, which suggested a potential clinical value of the combination of the two agents.
Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Synergism ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; pharmacology ; Inflammation ; immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; drug effects ; Interleukin-1beta ; immunology ; Interleukin-6 ; immunology ; Lung ; immunology ; virology ; Mice ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral ; drug therapy ; Ribavirin ; pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; immunology

Sphingolipids, especially ceramide and S1P, are structural components of biological membranes and bioactive molecules which participate in diverse cellular activities such as cell division, differentiation, gene expression and apoptosis. Emerging evidence demonstrates the role of sphingolipids in hepatocellular death, which contributes to the progression of several liver diseases including ischaemia-reperfusion liver injury, steatohepatitis or hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, some data indicate that the accumulation of some sphingolipids contributes to the hepatic dysfunctions. Hence, understanding of sphingolipid may open up a novel therapeutic avenue to liver diseases. This review focuses on the progress in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway with a focus on hepatic diseases and drugs targeting the sphingolipid pathway.
Apoptosis ; Ceramides ; metabolism ; Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Lysophospholipids ; metabolism ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Sphingolipids ; metabolism ; Sphingosine ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDNeovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a refractory disease which is difficult to manage. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of adjunctive intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection in conjunction with Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation (AGVI) in the management of NVG.

METHODSThis was a retrospective study of patients with NVG in whom AGVI was performed between October 2008 and May 2012. The sample was divided into two groups according to the pretreatment: with adjunctive IVB injection (the IVB group, n = 25 eyes) and without adjunctive IVB injection (the control group, n = 28 eyes). The surgical success rate, number of antiglaucoma medications used, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), postoperative complications, regression, and recurrence of iris neovascularization (NVI) were analyzed between the groups.

RESULTSThe surgical outcomes of the two groups were compared. The complete success rates in the IVB and control groups were 84.0% and 64.3% at 12 months and 80.0% and 53.6% at 18 months, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.041). Mean postoperative intraocular pressures, mean number of postoperative antiglaucoma medications, and BCVA were not significant between the two groups. The NVI in 22 (88.0%) eyes had completely regressed within 2 - 8 days after IVB. However, NVI recurred in 10 eyes (40.0%) 2 - 9 months later after IVB. The IVB group had only 1 case (4.0%) of hyphema out of 25 eyes, while there were 8 (28.6%) cases of hyphema out of 28 eyes in the control group (P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that preoperative IVB injection reduced NVI remarkably, decreased hyphema, and led to higher surgical success rates. Pre-operative IVB injection may be an effective adjunct to AGVI in the management of NVG.

Adult ; Aged ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; administration & dosage ; Bevacizumab ; Female ; Glaucoma Drainage Implants ; adverse effects ; Glaucoma, Neovascular ; therapy ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Intravitreal Injections ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prosthesis Implantation ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVETo study the effects and immunoregulation mechanism of the traditional Mongolian medicine Wuweifengshi capsule on adjuvant arthritis (AA).

METHODWister rats were divided into several groups: normal group, AA model group, Wuweifengshi capsule groups (with low, moderate, high dose of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) respectively), and Zhonglun-5 group (original dose of 1.68 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The edema degree, the level of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, PGE2, NO and MDA and the activity of SOD in serum were detected. Through cell culture, the effects of the medicine on AA rat's splenic cell's multiplication capacity were studied. The influence of celiac macrophage cell culture fluid of AA rats' on C57BL/6J mice thymic cell multiplication capacity under the medicine was evaluated.

RESULTWuweifengshi capsule showed an inhibiting function on the level of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, PGE2, NO and increased the activity of SOD in serum, but showed no significant influence on MDA. It also inhibited the AA rat's splenic cell's multiplication capacity and the influence of celiac macrophage cell culture fluid of AA rat's on C57BL/6J mice thymic cell multiplication capacity.

CONCLUSIONThe anti-AA effect of Wuweifengshi capsule is possibly due to its inhibition of relevant cytokines and its adjustment of corresponding enzyme's activity and immunization organ's cell multiplication capacity.

Animals ; Arthritis, Experimental ; drug therapy ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Capsules ; Dehydroascorbic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; blood ; Dinoprostone ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Edema ; drug therapy ; Female ; Interleukin-1beta ; metabolism ; Lymphocytes ; immunology ; metabolism ; Macrophages, Peritoneal ; metabolism ; Male ; Medicine, Mongolian Traditional ; Mice ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Rats ; Spleen ; cytology ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

Objective To investigate effects of different de-cellularization methods on biomechanical properties and histological structure of annulus fibrosus in pigtails and provide experimental evidence for the construction of tissue engineering annulus fibrosus. Methods Sixty Fresh annulus fibrosus were dissected from caudal disks of pigs and randomly assigned to 4 groups with 15 in each group. Triton X-100 group(Group A): annulus fibrosus were treated with hypotonic Tris-HCl buffer for 48 hours and de-cellularized with Triton X-100, DNase Ⅰ and RNase A. SDS group (Group B): annulus fibrosus were subjected to 3 cycles of freeze-thaw and subsequently de-cellularized with SDS, DNaseⅠ and RNase A. Trypsin group (Group C): annulus fibrosus were de-cellularized with Tris buffer containing trypsin, DNase Ⅰ and RNase A. Control group: fresh annulus fibrosus underwent no treatment. After the de-cellularization process was completed, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was carried out to examine the efficacy on cell removal, and the ultrastructure of annulus fibrosus were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The collagen content, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and biomechanical parameters in each group were also detected. Results HE staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that no residual cells were found in Group A, B and C. The structure of annulus fibrosus in Group A was not disturbed, while that in Group B and C was damaged severely and slightly, respectively. There was no statistical difference in collagen content among Group A, B and C, as compared to the control group (P>0.05). But the GAG content was significantly more lower in Group A, B and C than in the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in ultimate load, ultimate stress, toughness, elastic modulus and mechanical work to fracture between Group A, C and control group (P>0.05), while these parameters of Group B were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions The Triton X-100-treated annulus fibrosus retained the major extracellular matrix composition after cell removal and preserved the major structure and mechanical strength, which is preferable for the construction of tissue engineering annulus fibrosus.

Objective To explore the best time of catheterization so as to reduce patients' physiological responses,discomfort,and the detection rate of non-glomerular red blood cells caused by catheterization before and after anesthesia,and explore.Methods.Totals of 100 cases received gynecological surgery were randomly divided into experimental group( n =50) and control group (n =50 ).In the experimental group catheterization was applied after anesthesia,while in the control group half an hour before entered the operating room in the ward.The pulse,blood pressure,and discomfort of two groups were recorded before and after catheterized,and the positive of non-glomerular red blood cells in urine after catheterization were monitored.Results There was significantly difference in the plus systolic,blood pressure before and after catheterization in control group (P ＜0.05 ),while no significantly difference was detected in experimental group( P ＞ 0.05 ).The positive rate of nonglomerular red blood cells in control group and experimental group respectively was 30.0％ and 12.0％ in the first test,and the second was 24.0％ and 6.0％,the difference was statistically significant ( x2 = 4.882,6.353,respectively ;P ＜ 0.05 ).The discomfort level in control group was significantly higher than that in experimental group (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions In order to reduce the discomfort and mucosal injury caused by catheterization,the best time to be select is after anesthesia.