Objective To investigate the size variation in the first metatarsal of extant primates.Methods In this study,we analyzed 135 first metatarsal specimens across 12 primate genera,quantifying eight linear measurements,articular surface areas,mid-shaft cross-sectional area,total surface area,volume,and derived indices.Multivariate patterns were assessed through mean-based correspondence analysis and principal component analysis(PCA).Results Eulemur,Otolemur,Cebus,and Perodicticus exhibited a relatively high metatarsal surface-area-to-volume ratio.Perodicticus additionally showed a low articular facet index.Propithecus,Colobus,and Macaca displayed lower values for metatarsal shaft robusticity,the ratio of shaft cross-sectional area to base articular surface area,and the proximal articular facet index.Nasalis possessed a relatively high articular facet index.Pongo,Pan,Gorilla,and Homo sapiens were characterized by higher metatarsal shaft robusticity and a lower metatarsal surface-area-to-volume ratio.Principal component analysis revealed that the 12 extant primate genera could be broadly divided into two groups.Group 1 comprised Pongo,Pan,Gorilla and H.sapiens,although H.sapiens formed a distinct cluster relative to the extant great apes.Group 2 included Eulemur,Otolemur,Perodicticus,Propithecus,Cebus,Colobus,Macaca and Nasalis.Conclusion The relative sizedistribution of the first metatarsal provides some reference value for classifying extant primates.However,it demonstrates no clear correlations with specific locomotor patterns or foot grasping ability.

Objective:To analyze the source of infection， clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of pertussis surveillance cases in Minhang District of Shanghai from 2017 to 2019，so as to provide the basis for pertussis surveillance and immunization strategy. Methods:Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the pertussis surveillance cases. Results:A total of 334 cases were included in the pertussis active surveillance system， 237 cases were confirmed cases. There were 13 towns or streets in Minhang District， except for Pujin Street， all the other 12 towns or streets had cases. The high risk group （131/237， 55.27% of the cases） were the infants under five months old who did not reach the age of immunization or did not complete the basic immunization of diphtheria， tetanus， and acellular pertussis combined vaccine （DTaP）. The cases mainly occurred in March to July， accounting for 71.31% （169/237）. The highest culture-positive rate of Bordetella pertussis was in August （82.76%， 24/29）； the highest positive rate of polymerase chain reaction （PCR） detection was in March （58.82%， 20/34）. All the monitored cases had cough symptoms with an average cough days of 22.05±9.81 in confirmed cases. A total of 64 clustered outbreaks were detected， with an attack rate of 37.45% （94/251）. 32.91% （78/237） of the cases had contact history with coughing patients 21 days before the onset， and 94.87% （74/78） of them were family members. The aggregation of pertussis was mainly transmitted from adults to infants and infants to adults. Conclusion:Children under five months old are the high incidence population of pertussis， and family members are the main source of infection. It is suggested that pertussis monitoring and prevention should be carried out in adolescents and adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether β-globin gene 3'UTR+101G>C (HBB:c.*233G>C) variant has genetic effect and provide basis for gene diagnosis and genetic counseling. METHOD: Whole blood cell analysis and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) were used to analyze the hematological indexes. The most frequent 23 mutations in southern Chinese individuals were routinely measured by PCR-flow fluorenscence immunmicrobeads assay. Sanger sequencing was used to detect the other variants of β-globin gene (HBB). RESULTS: In 463 cases, a total of 7 cases with HBB:c.*233G>C variant were detected, among them 4 cases carried other pathogenic variants of HBB gene (2 cases were in trans, 2 cases were in cis), who had typical hematological characteristics of mild β-thalassemia, and 3 cases also carried abnormal hemoglobin variation, but did not have hematological characteristics of β-thalassemia. CONCLUSION The study shows that HBB:c.*233G > C variant has no obvious genetic effect and should be a benign polymorphism.
3' Untranslated Regions ; Hemoglobins, Abnormal/genetics* ; Humans ; Mutation ; beta-Globins/genetics* ; beta-Thalassemia/genetics*

Oral anticoagulants play an important role in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases.Warfarin,a traditional oral anticoagulant,is limited in clinical use due to its limitations such as narrow therapeutic window and requirements on frequent monitoring and dose adjustment.Direct oral anticoagulants(DOACs)such as dabigatran,rivaroxaban,apixaban,and edoxaban are increasingly used to prevent and treat venous thrombosis or thrombus formation.However,recent studies have documented inter-individual variability in plasma drug levels of DOACs.This article summarizes the recent advances in the pharmacogenomics of DOACs.
Administration, Oral ; Anticoagulants ; therapeutic use ; Atrial Fibrillation ; drug therapy ; Dabigatran ; Pharmacogenetics ; Rivaroxaban

Adolescent ; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome/genetics* ; Cytosine ; Female ; Guanine ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; RNA Splice Sites/genetics* ; Receptors, Androgen/genetics*

Objective To observe the serum level of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2-hexyl (CPOA2H) in patients with hypertrilyceridemia-related disorders,and investigate its clinical significance.Methods 53 obese patients (Obese group),62 obese patients after a 3 month low calorie diet (Obese patients after low calorie diet group),46 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD group),and 60 healthy controls (Control group) were collected from Mar 2013 to Dec 2015 in Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to detect the serum fatty acid and CPOA2H level in four groups.Results Ages,body mass index (BMI),C-reaction protein (CRP),total cholesterol (TC),triacylglycerols (TAG) among four groups had significant difference (F=6.85 ～ 25.36,P＜0.05).Most saturated fatty acid (14 ∶ 0,16 ∶ 0) and monounsaturated fatty acid (14 ∶ 1,16 ∶ 1,18 ∶ 1,20 ∶ 1) in obese group were higher than controls (F=3.251～7.351,P＜0.05).The polyunsaturated fatty acid (18 ∶ 2n-6,20 ∶ 4n-6) in CKD group were lower than controls (F=4.351 ～6.251,P＜0.05).There existed significant difference of serum levels of CPOA2H among four group (F=19.95,P=0.005).Serum level of CPOA2H in control (r=0.63,P=0.033) and CKD group (r=0.61,P=0.044) were positively related with TAG.Serum level of CPOA2H in obese group and obese patients after low calorie diet group were positively related with TC (r=0.70,P=0.011;r=0.48,P=0.021) and TAG (r=0.75,P=0.024;r=0.72,P=0.018).Conclusion Hypertrilyceridemia-related disorders,such as obesity and CKD,presented with elevated serum levels of CPOA2H,it suggested that serum level of CPOA2H is positively related to serum TAG concentration rather than BMI.

Objective To detect the polymorphisms and haplotype of 25 -hydroxyvitamin-D3-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) in Chinese healthy Han population.Methods Two hundred and three Chinese Han healthy volunteers were entrolled in this study.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF -MS) was used to identify the polymorphisms of CYP24A1.The haplotype frequencies were analyzed by Phase 2.1.Results The frequency distribution of CYP24A1 rs1570669,rs34043203,rs3787557,rs6068816 were 36.0％,16.3％,24.4％,31.5％.The frequency distribution of GCTT,GCTC,GCCC,ATTC in CYP24A1 haplotype were 27.7％,17.2％,14.3％,12.5％.Conclusion The frequencies of these variants were high in Chinese healthy Han population.The frequency of GCTT haplotype was high as well.

Objective To study the difference effects on clearing-heat and drying-damp of root and stem leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis from different areas in Gansu province.Methods One hundred SD rats were randomly divided into ten groups,including blank group,model group,Scutellaria baicalensis from Longxi Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups,Weiyuan Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups,Zhangxian Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups,Minxian Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups,Ⅰ group means root and Ⅱ group means stem leaves,each group had ten rats.The blank group rats were given ordinary feed and saline(10 mL · kg-1) in the natural environment.Rats in other groups were given fat feed and white wine [Red Star Zhenpin Erguotou (56 °),5 mL · kg-1] once daily,and placed into manual climatic box for 21 days.On the 22th day,the coli (1 × 109/mL) were given once (10 μL · g-1),and enhancement of infection after 4 hours (5 μL · g-1).The animal models were given the roots and steams leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis decoction (10 g · kg-1) by once daily with 7 days.The rats were placed into natural environment and given ordinary feed.The syndrome performance of rats in each group were observed.The contents of serum and stomach-intestine interleukin-4 (IL-4),interferon-γ (IFN-γ),motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS)in rats were detected by ELISA.Results With the treatment of the roots and steams leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis decoction,the serum contents of IL-4 and IFN-γ were (25.36--2.56),(703.53-± 29.36);(31.54.± 3.81),(810.90 ± 24.07);(26.88 ± 2.91),(679.02±30.72);(30.81 ±3.19),(802.44 ±20.69);(26.61 ±3.94),(702.90 ±14.86);(32.45 ±5.12),(815.36 ± 34.78);(27.06 ± 4.01),(685.66 ± 42.05);(31.76 ± 3.98),(808.95 ± 38.22) ng· L-1 respectively in each drugs group,which were obviously lower than that of model group with (38.09 ± 1.41),(1203.90 ± 32.24) ng· L-1 on contents of IL-4 and IFN-γ.The contents of GAS and MTL in serum were (34.14 ± 1.47),(475.82 ±7.80);(35.12 ±3.40),(436.25±18.24);(34.77 ±2.65),(475.04 ±28.79);(33.28 ±3.58),(447.81±8.26);(35.26 ±4.89),(473.09 ±28.64);(36.02 ±5.12),(440.52 ±23.55);(35.20 ±4.55),(478.58 ± 31.24);(34.88 ± 5.07),(438.08 ± 25.43)ng · L-1 respectively in each drugs group,which were obviously higher than that of model group with (28.61 ± 0.12),(404.16 ± 18.48)ng · L-1 on contents of GAS and MTL,all about with statistical difference (all P ＜0.05).Conclusion There was a significant effect on clearing-heat and drying-damp of root and stem leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis from different areas in Gansu province.

In the research community, resistance to apoptosis is often considered a hallmark of cancer. However, pathologists who diagnose cancer via microscope often see the opposite. Indeed, increased apoptosis and mitosis are usually observed simultaneously in cancerous lesions. Studies have shown that increased apoptosis is associated with cancer aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, is linked with better survival of cancer patients. Conversely, Bax, CD95, Caspase-3, and other apoptosis-inducing proteins have been found to promote carcinogenesis. This notion of the role of apoptosis in cancer is not new; cancer cells were found to be short-lived 88 years ago. Given these observations, resistance to apoptosis should not be considered a hallmark of cancer.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; physiology ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Carcinogenesis ; metabolism ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Treatment Outcome ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism ; fas Receptor ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo further study the characteristics of drugs with neutral property in two-way application and conditioned dominance by observing the action characteristic of 10 traditional Chinese medicines with neutral property in hemorheological indicators of heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome and cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats.

METHODThe model of heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats was established by injecting carrageenan and dry yeast, while the model of cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats was established by body freezing. Subsequently, 10 traditional Chinese medicines with neutral property, 5 traditional Chinese medicines with heat property and 5 traditional Chinese medicines with cold property were selected for intervention to observe the changes in such indicators as whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit and analyze the action characteristics of drugs with neutral property.

RESULTANOVA showed that among six of the 10 traditional Chinese medicines with neutral property, including Typhae Pollen, Sarcandrae Herba and Sappan lignum, could obviously increase the hemorheological indicators of both heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome and cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats; five traditional Chinese medicines with cold property, such as Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Leonuri Herba, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, could significantly ameliorate the hemorheological indicators of heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and Salvia Miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma alone could ameliorate the hemorheological indicators of cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats (P < 0.05); all of the five traditional Chinese medicines with heat property could significantly ameliorate the hemorheological indicators of cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats (P < 0.01), among which Carthami Flos and Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma could significantly ameliorate the hemorheological indicators of cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rats. According to the average high-shear blood viscosity analysis, drugs with neutral property showed similar action characteristics to those with cold property in ameliorating hemorheology indicators of heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rat and better effect than those with heat property in reducing whole blood viscosity; and traditional Chinese medicines with neutral property have the similar action characteristics to those with heat property in improving the hemorheology indicators of cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome rat and better effect than those with heat property in reducing whole blood viscosity.

CONCLUSIONUnder the condition of heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome, traditional Chinese medicines with neutral property show the similar action characteristics to those with cold property; but under the condition of cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome, traditional Chinese medicines with neutral property show the similar action characteristics to those with heat property. This indicates that traditional Chinese medicines with neutral property show both heat and cold properties under he conditions of heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome and cold stagnation and blood stasis syndrome.

Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Blood Circulation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Hemorheology ; drug effects ; Homeostasis ; drug effects ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thrombosis ; drug therapy ; physiopathology