The neurophysiological mechanisms by which exercise improves cognitive function have not been fully elucidated. A comprehensive and systematic review of current domestic and international neurophysiological evidence on exercise improving cognitive function was conducted from multiple perspectives. At the molecular level, exercise promotes nerve cell regeneration and synaptogenesis and maintains cellular development and homeostasis through the modulation of a variety of neurotrophic factors, receptor activity, neuropeptides, and monoamine neurotransmitters, and by decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors and other modulators of neuroplasticity. At the cellular level, exercise enhances neural activation and control and improves brain structure through nerve regeneration, synaptogenesis, improved glial cell function and angiogenesis. At the structural level of the brain, exercise promotes cognitive function by affecting white and gray matter volumes, neural activation and brain region connectivity, as well as increasing cerebral blood flow. This review elucidates how exercise improves the internal environment at the molecular level, promotes cell regeneration and functional differentiation, and enhances the brain structure and neural efficiency. It provides a comprehensive, multi-dimensional explanation of the neurophysiological mechanisms through which exercise promotes cognitive function.
Animals ; Humans ; Brain/physiology* ; Cognition/physiology* ; Exercise/physiology* ; Nerve Regeneration/physiology* ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology*

Process analytical technology(PAT) is a key means for digital transformation and upgrading of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) manufacturing process, serving as an important guarantee for consistent and controllable TCM product quality. Near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy has become the core technology for measuring the TCM manufacturing process. By incorporating NIR spectroscopy into PAT and starting from the construction of a smart platform for the TCM manufacturing process, this paper systematically described the development history and innovative application of the combination of NIR spectroscopy with chemometrics in measuring the TCM manufacturing process by the research team over the past two decades. Additionally, it explored the application of a validation method based on accuracy profile(AP) in the practice of NIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the software development progress driven by NIR spectroscopy supported by modeling technology was analyzed, and the prospect of integrating NIR spectroscopy in smart factory control platforms was exemplified with the construction practices of related platforms. By integrating with the smart platform, NIR spectroscopy could improve production efficiency and guarantee product quality. Finally, the prospect of the smart platform application in measuring the TCM manufacturing process was projected. It is believed that the software development for NIR spectroscopy and the smart manufacturing platform will provide strong technical support for TCM digitalization and industrialization.
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Software ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Quality Control

Objective　To detect clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in Listeria monocytogenes, and analyze the structure and homology of CRISPR loci. Methods Totally 34 strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated in our laboratory were identified, PCR amplified and sequenced. The repeat sequence structure and spacer sequence homology in CRISPR loci were analyzed by bioinformatics software. Results A total of 7 CRISPR loci were detected in 34 strains. The mutation rate of the first 2 and last 2 bases of the Repeat sequence of CRISPR loci was higher, while the mutation rate of the middle part was lower. Seven CRISPR sites form eight CRISPR structural types, among which the Repeat sequences of CRISPR1 and CRISPR2 are relatively conserved, while the Repeat sequences of CRISPR1 and CRISPR5 can form dumbbell shaped secondary structures. The number of Spacer sequences contained in each CRISPR site ranges from 2 to 15, with an average of 2.43. The 136 Spacer sequences detected were not only homologous to Listeria plasmids and bacteriophages, but also homologous to uncultured virus sequences, staphylococcal bacteriophages, and Listeria innocua. The same CRISPR genotype did not show large-scale clustering, but some strains in the same year were in the same evolutionary cluster with close genetic relationships. Conclusion The CRISPR structure of Listeria monocytogenes in this study exhibits high specificity, and its homology with bacteriophages provides a theoretical basis for the application of bacteriophages in the control and prevention of Listeria monocytogenes.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the functional roles and underlying mechanisms of neferine in the context of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. METHODS: Male mice were infused with Ang II to induce hypertension and randomly divided into treatment groups receiving neferine or a control vehicle based on baseline blood pressure using a random number table method. The hypertensive mouse model was constructed by infusing Ang II via a micro-osmotic pump (500 ng/kg per minute), and neferine (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg), valsartan (10 mg/kg), or double distilled water was administered intragastrically once daily for 6 weeks. A non-invasive blood pressure system, ultrasound, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to assess blood pressure and vascular changes. RNA sequencing and network pharmacology were employed to identify differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) and pathways. Vascular ring tension assay was used to test vascular function. A7R5 cells were incubated with neferine for 24 h and then treated with Ang II to record the real-time Ca²⁺ concentration by confocal microscope. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot were used to evaluate vasorelaxation, calcium, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathway. RESULTS: Neferine treatment effectively mitigated the elevation in blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, aortic thickening in the abdominal aorta of Ang II-infused mice (P<0.05). RNA sequencing and network pharmacology analysis identified 355 DETs that were significantly reversed by neferine treatment, along with 25 potential target genes, which were further enriched in multiple pathways and biological processes, such as ERK1 and ERK2 cascade regulation, calcium pathway, and vascular smooth muscle contraction. Further investigation revealed that neferine treatment enhanced vasorelaxation and reduced Ca²⁺-dependent contraction of abdominal aortic rings, independent of endothelium function (P<0.05). The underlying mechanisms were mediated, at least in part, via suppression of receptor-operated channels, store-operated channels, or voltage-operated calcium channels. Neferine pre-treatment demonstrated a reduction in intracellular Ca²⁺ release in Ang II stimulated A7R5 cells. IHC staining and Western blot confirmed that neferine treatment effectively attenuated the upregulation of p-ERK1/2 both in vivo and in vitro, which was similar with treatment of ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Neferine remarkably alleviates Ang II-induced elevation of blood pressure, vascular dysfunction, and pathological changes in the abdominal aorta. This beneficial effect is mediated by the modulation of multiple pathways, including calcium and ERK1/2 pathways.
Animals ; Angiotensin II ; Male ; Benzylisoquinolines/therapeutic use* ; Network Pharmacology ; Blood Pressure/drug effects* ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Mice ; Hypertension/chemically induced* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Calcium/metabolism*

Objective To explore the characteristics of latent profiles of ego depletion in patients with heart failure,and analyze the impacts of these profiles on patients' self-management behavior.Methods 280 heart failure patients who were hospitalized in a tertiary grade A hospital were conveniently selected in Nanjing from April to October 2024 as study subjects.The investigation utilized a general information questionnaire,the Ego-Depletion Scale for Heart Failure Patients,the Self-Management Scale of Heart Failure Patients,and the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale.The latent profile categories of ego depletion was explored in heart failure patients.Univariate analysis and multiple Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the influencing factors of different latent profile categories and the impact of each category on patients' self-management levels.Results The ego depletion of 255 heart failure patients could be classified into 3 latent profiles:self-adaptive low depletion group(35.29％),symptom distressed moderate depletion group(43.53％),and social life change high depletion group(21.18％).Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that residence,primary caregiver,education level,New York Heart Association cardiac function grade,and self-efficacy score were factors influencing the potential profile of ego depletion in heart failure patients(P＜0.05).The comparison of self-management scores among patients in different latent profiles of ego depletion showed statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).Conclusion The level of ego depletion in patients with heart failure is high with significant heterogeneity.Medical staff should pay attention to the heterogeneity and influencing factors of ego depletion in patients with heart failure in time,and develop personalized comprehensive intervention strategies to alleviate ego depletion and improve their self-management levels.

Objective:To analyze the iodine nutrition status of pregnant women in Weihai City before and after (2022, 2023) the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) intervention, evaluate the effectiveness of intervention measures, and provide a scientific basis for adjusting IDD prevention strategies in the city.Methods:In May 2023, the intervention action of IDD was carried out for pregnent women in Weihai City. In April 2022 and December 2023, respectively, a cross-sectional survey method was conducted in four districts (cities) of Weihai City. Each district (city) was divided into five areas (east, west, south, north, and central) each year, and one township (street) was selected from each areas. At least 20 pregnant women were selected from each township (street) as survey subjects, and their household salt samples and random urine samples were collected to measure salt iodine and urinary iodine concentrations, and to compare the test results.Results:A total of 922 household salt samples were tested, including 530 iodized salt samples and 469 qualified iodized salt samples. The median salt iodine was 24.00 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt, the qualified rate of iodized salt, and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 57.48%, 88.49%, and 50.87%, respectively. No significant difference was observed in medians salt iodine between 2022 (24.26 mg/kg) and 2023 (24.00 mg/kg, Z = - 1.58, P = 0.113). However, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in 2023 werehigher than those in 2022 [73.72% (373/506) vs 37.74% (157/416), 65.22% (330/506) vs 33.41% (139/416), χ 2 = 120.90, 92.40, P < 0.001]. A total of 922 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, with a median urinary iodine of 135.90 μg/L. The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in 2022 was 113.55 μg/L. There was a statistically significant difference in medians urinary iodine among different regions ( H = 27.91, P < 0.001). The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in 2023 was 153.00 μg/L. There was no statistically significant difference in medians urinary iodine among different regions ( H = 3.33, P = 0.343). The medians urinary iodine of pregnant women in Huancui District, Wendeng District, and Rushan City in 2023 (156.60, 155.00, 140.85 μg/L) were higher than those in 2022 (93.60, 110.00, 110.70 μg/L), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z = - 5.44, - 4.92, - 5.99, P < 0.001). The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in Weihai City in 2023 showed a statistically significant difference compared to 2022 ( Z = - 7.62, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The IDD intervention measures in Weihai City have achieved good results, and the coverage of iodized salt, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt, and the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women have improved. We should continue to implement intervention measures, improve the iodine nutrition level of key populations, and maintain a sustained elimination of IDD.

Objective:To analyze the iodine nutrition status of pregnant women in Weihai City before and after (2022, 2023) the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) intervention, evaluate the effectiveness of intervention measures, and provide a scientific basis for adjusting IDD prevention strategies in the city.Methods:In May 2023, the intervention action of IDD was carried out for pregnent women in Weihai City. In April 2022 and December 2023, respectively, a cross-sectional survey method was conducted in four districts (cities) of Weihai City. Each district (city) was divided into five areas (east, west, south, north, and central) each year, and one township (street) was selected from each areas. At least 20 pregnant women were selected from each township (street) as survey subjects, and their household salt samples and random urine samples were collected to measure salt iodine and urinary iodine concentrations, and to compare the test results.Results:A total of 922 household salt samples were tested, including 530 iodized salt samples and 469 qualified iodized salt samples. The median salt iodine was 24.00 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt, the qualified rate of iodized salt, and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 57.48%, 88.49%, and 50.87%, respectively. No significant difference was observed in medians salt iodine between 2022 (24.26 mg/kg) and 2023 (24.00 mg/kg, Z = - 1.58, P = 0.113). However, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in 2023 werehigher than those in 2022 [73.72% (373/506) vs 37.74% (157/416), 65.22% (330/506) vs 33.41% (139/416), χ 2 = 120.90, 92.40, P < 0.001]. A total of 922 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, with a median urinary iodine of 135.90 μg/L. The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in 2022 was 113.55 μg/L. There was a statistically significant difference in medians urinary iodine among different regions ( H = 27.91, P < 0.001). The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in 2023 was 153.00 μg/L. There was no statistically significant difference in medians urinary iodine among different regions ( H = 3.33, P = 0.343). The medians urinary iodine of pregnant women in Huancui District, Wendeng District, and Rushan City in 2023 (156.60, 155.00, 140.85 μg/L) were higher than those in 2022 (93.60, 110.00, 110.70 μg/L), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z = - 5.44, - 4.92, - 5.99, P < 0.001). The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in Weihai City in 2023 showed a statistically significant difference compared to 2022 ( Z = - 7.62, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The IDD intervention measures in Weihai City have achieved good results, and the coverage of iodized salt, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt, and the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women have improved. We should continue to implement intervention measures, improve the iodine nutrition level of key populations, and maintain a sustained elimination of IDD.

Objective To explore the characteristics of latent profiles of ego depletion in patients with heart failure,and analyze the impacts of these profiles on patients' self-management behavior.Methods 280 heart failure patients who were hospitalized in a tertiary grade A hospital were conveniently selected in Nanjing from April to October 2024 as study subjects.The investigation utilized a general information questionnaire,the Ego-Depletion Scale for Heart Failure Patients,the Self-Management Scale of Heart Failure Patients,and the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale.The latent profile categories of ego depletion was explored in heart failure patients.Univariate analysis and multiple Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the influencing factors of different latent profile categories and the impact of each category on patients' self-management levels.Results The ego depletion of 255 heart failure patients could be classified into 3 latent profiles:self-adaptive low depletion group(35.29％),symptom distressed moderate depletion group(43.53％),and social life change high depletion group(21.18％).Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that residence,primary caregiver,education level,New York Heart Association cardiac function grade,and self-efficacy score were factors influencing the potential profile of ego depletion in heart failure patients(P＜0.05).The comparison of self-management scores among patients in different latent profiles of ego depletion showed statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).Conclusion The level of ego depletion in patients with heart failure is high with significant heterogeneity.Medical staff should pay attention to the heterogeneity and influencing factors of ego depletion in patients with heart failure in time,and develop personalized comprehensive intervention strategies to alleviate ego depletion and improve their self-management levels.

ObjectiveTo study the mechanism of astragaloside Ⅳ （AS Ⅳ） on db/db mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. MethodA total of 24 db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups： model group， metformin group， and low-dose and high-dose AS Ⅳ groups. Six C57 mice were used as the blank group. The low-dose and high-dose AS Ⅳ groups were given AS Ⅳ of 0.015 and 0.030 g·kg^-1 by gavage， and the metformin group was given 0.067 g·kg^-1 by gavage. The blank and model groups were given equal volumes of distilled water by gavage. After intragastric administration， fasting blood glucose （FBG） was detected， and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Serum lipid level and liver histopathology were detected. The target and enrichment pathway of AS Ⅳ for treating T2DM and NAFLD were predicted by network pharmacology， and the main enrichment pathway was verified by molecular biology techniques. The protein expressions of AMPK， p-AMPK， sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 （SREBP-1）， and fatty acid synthetase （FAS） in liver tissue were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， the levels of body mass， liver weight coefficient， fasting blood glucose， serum total cholesterol， triglyceride， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice treated with AS Ⅳ were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The pathology of liver tissue showed significant improvement in lipid accumulation， and imaging results showed that the degree of fatty liver was reduced after AS Ⅳ therapy. Network pharmacological prediction results showed that vascular endothelial growth factor α （VEGFA）， galactoagglutinin 3 （LGALS3）， serine/threonine kinase B2 （Akt2）， RHO-associated coiled-coil protein kinase 1 （ROCK1）， serine/threonine kinase B1 （Akt1）， signaling and transcriptional activator protein （STAT3）， and messtimal epidermal transformation factor （MET） were key targets in "drug-disease" network. The results from the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） enrichment showed that the AMP-dependent protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway was strongly associated with T2DM and NAFLD. Western blot results showed that compared with the blank group， the expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK in the model group were significantly down-regulated， while those of SREBP-1 and FAS proteins were significantly up-regulated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK in the metformin group and high-dose AS Ⅳ group were significantly up-regulated， while those of SREBP-1 and FAS proteins were significantly down-regulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionAS Ⅳ regulates the expression of lipid proteins by activating the AMPK signaling pathway， thereby improving lipid metabolism.

As artificial intelligence technology rapidly advances, its deployment within the medical sector presents substantial ethical challenges. Consequently, it becomes crucial to create a standardized, transparent, and secure framework for processing medical data. This includes setting the ethical boundaries for medical artificial intelligence and safeguarding both patient rights and data integrity. This consensus governs every facet of medical data handling through artificial intelligence, encompassing data gathering, processing, storage, transmission, utilization, and sharing. Its purpose is to ensure the management of medical data adheres to ethical standards and legal requirements, while safeguarding patient privacy and data security. Concurrently, the principles of compliance with the law, patient privacy respect, patient interest protection, and safety and reliability are underscored. Key issues such as informed consent, data usage, intellectual property protection, conflict of interest, and benefit sharing are examined in depth. The enactment of this expert consensus is intended to foster the profound integration and sustainable advancement of artificial intelligence within the medical domain, while simultaneously ensuring that artificial intelligence adheres strictly to the relevant ethical norms and legal frameworks during the processing of medical data.
Artificial Intelligence/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Computer Security/standards* ; Confidentiality/ethics* ; Informed Consent/ethics*