Uveal melanoma(UM)is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults and arises predominantly from the choroid. Mitochondria, as essential organelles, not only fuel energy metabolism, but also orchestrate signal transduction and apoptosis. Recent studies have progressively uncovered the multifaceted roles of mitochondria in UM, including mitochondrial DNA copy-number alterations, reprogramming of mitochondria-related metabolic genes, and mitochondria-dependent autophagy. Moreover, mitochondria modulate UM progression partly through the PI3K/AKT axis. Natural compounds and small-molecule drugs that impair mitochondrial function have also shown promising activity in inducing UM cell dysfunction. These findings provide new insights into UM pathogenesis and highlight mitochondria as potential therapeutic targets.

Uveal melanoma(UM)is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults,and its patho-genesis is closely related to the abnormal activation of various signaling pathways.This paper systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms of the Gαq classical signaling pathways(PKC/MAPK/MEK/ERK,PI3K/Akt/mTOR,Trio/Rho/Rac/YAP)and non-classical signaling pathways(TGF-β,Wnt/β-catenin,NF-κB)in UM,explores the interactions between sig-naling pathways,their association with the tumor microenvironment and drug resistance mechanisms,and reviews the lat-est research progress in targeted therapy.This paper systematically elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms of UM signa-ling pathways and their impact on tumor biological behavior,and combines current intervention strategies to provide theo-retical basis and practical guidance for future clinical practice.

Uveal melanoma(UM)is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults,and its patho-genesis is closely related to the abnormal activation of various signaling pathways.This paper systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms of the Gαq classical signaling pathways(PKC/MAPK/MEK/ERK,PI3K/Akt/mTOR,Trio/Rho/Rac/YAP)and non-classical signaling pathways(TGF-β,Wnt/β-catenin,NF-κB)in UM,explores the interactions between sig-naling pathways,their association with the tumor microenvironment and drug resistance mechanisms,and reviews the lat-est research progress in targeted therapy.This paper systematically elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms of UM signa-ling pathways and their impact on tumor biological behavior,and combines current intervention strategies to provide theo-retical basis and practical guidance for future clinical practice.