Astrocytes are a crucial type of glial cells in the central nervous system, not only maintaining brain homeostasis, but also actively participating in the transmission of information within the brain. Astrocytes have a complex structure that includes the soma, various levels of processes, and end-feet. With the advancement of genetically encoded calcium indicators and imaging technologies, researchers have discovered numerous localized and small calcium activities in the fine processes and end-feet. These calcium activities were termed as microdomain calcium activities, which significantly differ from the calcium activities in the soma and can influence the activity of local neurons, synapses, and blood vessels. This article elaborates the detection and analysis, characteristics, sources, and functions of microdomain calcium activities, and discusses the impact of aging and neurodegenerative diseases on these activities, aiming to enhance the understanding of the role of astrocytes in the brain and to provide new insights for the treatment of brain disorders.
Astrocytes/cytology* ; Humans ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism* ; Calcium Signaling/physiology* ; Brain/physiology* ; Aging/physiology* ; Membrane Microdomains/physiology* ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology*

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Objective: To summarize the preliminary efficacy, perioperative management and complications of Le Fort Ⅲ osteotomy and midface distraction in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis by retrospective analysis, and to provide clinical experience for reference. Methods: From October 2017 to January 2020, 20 patients with syndromic craniosynostosis underwent Le Fort Ⅲ osteotomy and distraction in The Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Peking University International Hospital, including 11 males and 9 females, were involved. The median age was 7 years (1.5 to 15 years). Preoperative risk prevention plan was put forward by multidisciplinary evaluation, and preoperative intervention was carried out. The diagnostic data of SNA, airway volume, polysomnography (PSG), ophthalmology and occlusal relationship were obtained through specialized examination, and osteotomy and distraction surgical plan was formulated through virtual surgical planning. CT was taken 1 week and 3, 6, 12 months after operation, PSG and eye protrudence examination were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effect, syndrome type, multiple disciplinary treatment (MDT) intervention, occurrence and outcome of complications were summarized. Results: There were 15 cases of Crouzon syndrome and 5 cases of Pfeiffer syndrome. Sleep apnea was the first complaint in 18 cases and exophthalmia in 2 cases. Preoperative interventional therapy included 4 cases of adenoid surgery, 2 cases of continuous positive airway pressure and 2 cases of maxillary expansion. The most common surgical complications were accidental fracture (14/20 cases, 70%), cerebrospinal fluid fistula (2 cases), internal carotid cavernous sinus fistula (1 case), postoperative hyponatraemia (5 cases), crying syndrome (2 cases), wound infection (2 cases), trichiasis of lower eyelid (4 cases), and nasal malformation (1 case). Three cases underwent unplanned secondary surgery. SNA, airway volume and mean percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂) six months after operation were significantly higher than those before operation (F=10.09, P=0.001; F=5.13, P<0.001; F=10.78, P=0.001), and the protrusion and apnea hypopnea index were significantly lower than those before surgery (F=6.73, P=0.010; F=18.47, P<0.001). There were no significant differences in SNA, airway volume, mean SpO₂, ophthalmology between 6 months after surgery and 1 year after surgery (P>0.05). Conclusions: Perioperative safety assessment and early intervention of MDT is an effective diagnosis and treatment model of Le Fort Ⅲ osteotomy and distraction for syndromic craniosynosis. The operative complications are mainly local, and systemic complications are controllable.
Cephalometry ; Child ; Craniosynostoses/surgery* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Osteotomy, Le Fort ; Retrospective Studies ; Syndrome

Bivalves are species-rich mollusks with prominent protective roles in coastal ecosystems.Across these ancient lineages,colony-founding larvae anchor themselves either by byssus produc-tion or by cemented attachment.The latter mode of sessile life is strongly molded by left-right shell asymmetry during larval development of Ostreoida oysters such as Crassostrea hongkongensis.Here,we sequenced the genome of C.hongkongensis in high resolution and compared it to reference bivalve genomes to unveil genomic determinants driving cemented attachment and shell asymmetry.Importantly,loss of the homeobox gene Antennapedia(Antp)and broad expansion of lineage-specific extracellular gene families are implicated in a shift from byssal to cemented attachment in bivalves.Comparative transcriptomic analysis shows a conspicuous divergence between left-right asymmetrical C.hongkongensis and symmetrical Pinctada fucata in their expression profiles.Especially,a couple of orthologous transcription factor genes and lineage-specific shell-related gene families including that encoding tyrosinases are elevated,and may cooperatively govern asymmet-rical shell formation in Ostreoida oysters.

An increasing proportion of plastic surgery involves facial aesthetic surgery.The midface is the central position of the face and is an important area in facial aesthetic surgery.While malarplasty has had an important influence on the improvement of facial contours.The structure of the zygomatic bone is unique :the locations of the four protrusions,three surfaces,and five edges have distinct projections onto the surface of the skin,and comprise an important structure of craniomaxillofacial region.In this study,we radiographed patients preoperatively with CT imaging according to anatomic research,in order to examine zygomatic bone structure and determine scope of operation.Corresponding makers for the zygomatic bone were selected according to the purpose of operation.We then decided the effect to achieve;facial symmetry is a very important consideration.Malarplasty includes inj ection filling and prosthetic filling of reduction malarplasty,various types of osteotomy for prominent zygomas, intraoral L-shaped osteotomy, bilateral osteotomy with coronal approach, etc. Complications of osteotomy are infrequent but may lead to hematoma,nerve inj ury,facial asymmetry,facial parenchymal ptosis,etc.

OBJECTIVETo discuss the application and therapeutic effect of tunable guide device in correction of prominent mandibular angle.

METHODSSince 2007, 50 cases with prominent mandible angle underwent mandible angle osteotomy with the tunable guide device. The patients were followed up for 3-6 months.

RESULTSNo severe complication happened. Local seroma occurred in one case. Improved esthetic results were achieved at both frontal and oblique view.

CONCLUSIONSThe mandibular angle osteotomy with the tunable guide device makes the procedure safe and easily performed.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Mandible ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Osteotomy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo identify the gene mutation for two Chinese families with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing impairment(NSHI).

METHODSTwo NSHI pedigrees with common ancestor were identified by clinical examination and family investigation. Linkage analysis was performed for all known NSHI loci, and all exons and exon-intron boundaries of the non-muscle myosin heavy chain 14 (MYH14) gene were amplified by PCR and sequenced.

RESULTSThe disease-causing gene of these 2 pedigrees was fine mapped to the DFNA4 locus on 19q13.33. A heterozygous transition of c. 359T>C (p.S120L) in MYH14 gene was identified. The mutation was detected in all patients but not in normal members in the two families.

CONCLUSIONIt is the first report that mutation in MYH14 gene can cause dominant non-syndromic hearing impairment in Asian population, suggesting that MYH14 gene can be a disease-causing gene of Chinese patients with hearing impairment.

Female ; Hearing Loss ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; genetics ; Mutation ; Myosin Heavy Chains ; genetics ; Myosin Type II ; genetics ; Pedigree ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo explore the transcranial surgical method with lateral orbital approach for the treatment of cranio-orbital fibrous dysplasia.

METHODSLateral orbital transcranial extradural approach was adopted to correct complicated fibrous dysplasia in which the frontal, orbital, sphenoid, temporal bones were involved. Partial lesion removal and optic nerve decompression were performed through the transcranial extradural route by fronto-temporal cranial bone flap exposure. The fronto-orbital skeleton was shaped after bone flap deactivation.

RESULTS8 cases were treated successfully with no complication. The period of follow-up ranged from 9 months to 3 years. The appearance and the vision improved greatly. Cranial CT showed good bony union with no relapse.

CONCLUSIONSLateral orbital transcranial surgical approach is an optimal technique to correct cranio-orbital fibrous dysplasia.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Orbit ; surgery ; Orbital Diseases ; surgery ; Skull ; surgery ; Young Adult