Establishing a natural population prospective cohort represents a sophisticated systematic project that spans multiple disciplines and research directions, requiring comprehensive consideration of diverse factors. Both international and domestic practices have accumulated substantial experience and achievements in this field. These prospective cohorts are typically developed through collaborative efforts among research institutions, generating systematic insights into construction backgrounds, objectives, design frameworks, implementation strategies, and management protocols. This study conducts an in-depth investigation into the current status of natural population prospective cohort development globally and domestically, systematically summarizing progress in development history, current status, and research advancements. The findings aim to inform strategic planning in China’s related domains, thereby facilitating the advancement of natural population prospective cohort research.

Somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1) is a crucial therapeutic target for various neuroendocrine and oncological disorders. Current SSTR1-targeted treatments, including the first-generation somatostatin analog lanreotide (Lan) and the second-generation analog pasireotide (Pas), show promise but encounter challenges related to selectivity and efficacy. This study presents high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of SSTR1 complexed with Lan or Pas, revealing the distinct mechanisms of ligand-binding and activation. These structures illustrate unique conformational changes in the SSTR1 orthosteric pocket induced by each ligand, which are critical for receptor activation and ligand selectivity. Combined with the biochemical assays and molecular dynamics simulations, our results provide a comparative analysis of binding characteristics within the SSTR family, highlighting subtle differences in SSTR1 activation by Lan and Pas. These insights pave the way for designing next-generation therapies with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects through improved receptor subtype selectivity.

Objective:To develop and evaluate a medical visual question answering (VQA) model for neonatal lung ultrasound (LUS) images to enhance intelligent auxiliary diagnosis of neonatal pulmonary diseases.Methods:Using data from neonates admitted to Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University (January 2023 to December 2024), an image-question-answer dataset comprising 251 LUS images was constructed [43 pneumonia (17.1%), 42 neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (16.7%), 83 transient tachypnea (33.1%), and 83 normal (33.1%) images] with a four-tier medical question-answer framework. Building upon the Qwen2.5-VL-7B base model and integrating LoRA fine-tuning with chain-of-thought prompting, we developed the NLUS-VQA model to enhance visual-language semantic alignment and enable stepwise clinical reasoning, achieving efficient small-sample adaptation. Model performance was comprehensively assessed through natural language generation metrics (BLEU-4, ROUGE-1/2/L), qualitative evaluation of characteristic recognition, and clinical consistency analysis.Results:(1) Quantitative evaluation demonstrated that NLUS-VQA achieved scores of 22.38 (BLEU-4), 48.26 (ROUGE-1), 22.40 (ROUGE-2), and 37.20 (ROUGE-L), representing significant improvements over baseline models. (2) Qualitatively, the model exhibited strong performance in identifying lung consolidation, coalescent B-lines, and snowflake signs, with its chain-of-thought strategy enhancing clinical interpretability and answer accuracy. (3) Clinically, NLUS-VQA achieved a Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.78 and diagnostic accuracy of 80.8% (21/26), indicating substantial agreement with clinical experts.Conclusion:The NLUS-VQA model demonstrates robust interpretability in recognizing key sonographic patterns (e.g. lung consolidation, confluent B-lines, and snowflake signs), providing a scalable framework for small-sample medical image analysis, though diagnostic performance on complex conditions remains limited by dataset scale and minority class representation.

Primary aldosteronism(PA)is an important cause of secondary hypertension,and adrenal vein sampling(AVS),as the gold standard for identifying the dominant side in PA,plays a critical role in guiding subsequent therapeutic strategies.AVS is an invasive procedure that is not yet widely available in China.To promote the popularization and standardization of AVS,the Chinese Society of Hypertension(Chinese Research Hospital Association)and the Group of Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension(China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care)have summarized domestic and foreign evidence and the operational experience of many experts.This consensus has summarized and updated the significance,indications,pre-procedural preparation,procedural steps and key points,prevention and management of complications,and result interpretation of AVS.This consensus provides comprehensive and clinically relevant guidance for the clinical practice and development of AVS,effectively promoting its popularization and standardization.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Primary aldosteronism(PA)is an important cause of secondary hypertension,and adrenal vein sampling(AVS),as the gold standard for identifying the dominant side in PA,plays a critical role in guiding subsequent therapeutic strategies.AVS is an invasive procedure that is not yet widely available in China.To promote the popularization and standardization of AVS,the Chinese Society of Hypertension(Chinese Research Hospital Association)and the Group of Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension(China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care)have summarized domestic and foreign evidence and the operational experience of many experts.This consensus has summarized and updated the significance,indications,pre-procedural preparation,procedural steps and key points,prevention and management of complications,and result interpretation of AVS.This consensus provides comprehensive and clinically relevant guidance for the clinical practice and development of AVS,effectively promoting its popularization and standardization.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective:To develop and evaluate a medical visual question answering (VQA) model for neonatal lung ultrasound (LUS) images to enhance intelligent auxiliary diagnosis of neonatal pulmonary diseases.Methods:Using data from neonates admitted to Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University (January 2023 to December 2024), an image-question-answer dataset comprising 251 LUS images was constructed [43 pneumonia (17.1%), 42 neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (16.7%), 83 transient tachypnea (33.1%), and 83 normal (33.1%) images] with a four-tier medical question-answer framework. Building upon the Qwen2.5-VL-7B base model and integrating LoRA fine-tuning with chain-of-thought prompting, we developed the NLUS-VQA model to enhance visual-language semantic alignment and enable stepwise clinical reasoning, achieving efficient small-sample adaptation. Model performance was comprehensively assessed through natural language generation metrics (BLEU-4, ROUGE-1/2/L), qualitative evaluation of characteristic recognition, and clinical consistency analysis.Results:(1) Quantitative evaluation demonstrated that NLUS-VQA achieved scores of 22.38 (BLEU-4), 48.26 (ROUGE-1), 22.40 (ROUGE-2), and 37.20 (ROUGE-L), representing significant improvements over baseline models. (2) Qualitatively, the model exhibited strong performance in identifying lung consolidation, coalescent B-lines, and snowflake signs, with its chain-of-thought strategy enhancing clinical interpretability and answer accuracy. (3) Clinically, NLUS-VQA achieved a Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.78 and diagnostic accuracy of 80.8% (21/26), indicating substantial agreement with clinical experts.Conclusion:The NLUS-VQA model demonstrates robust interpretability in recognizing key sonographic patterns (e.g. lung consolidation, confluent B-lines, and snowflake signs), providing a scalable framework for small-sample medical image analysis, though diagnostic performance on complex conditions remains limited by dataset scale and minority class representation.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between health literacy and sports injuries among high school students with athletic specialization, so as to provide theoretical basis for the intervention of sports injury occurrence of sports special students. Methods: A total of 443 high school students with athletic specialization aged 16-18 years old from 21 urban and rural areas in Shangrao City, Ganzhou City and Nanchang City of Jiangxi Province were selected by convenient sampling method from March to April 2023, and the health literacy and sports injury incidence were investigated. The assessment of sports injury was based on the Monitoring Method of Child and Adolescent Injury, and the assessment of health literacy level was conducted using the Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire of Chinese Adolescents. χ 2 test was used to compare the reported rate of sports injuries among the demographic and sports training groups and the correlation between health literacy and sports injuries. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to infer the correlation between the health literacy level of high school students with athletic specialization and the occurrence of sports injuries. Results: The prevalence of sports injury was 49.4% in high school students with athletic specialization. Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of sports injury of high school students with athletic specialization with medium and low level of health literacy was significantly increased compared with high level (medium level: OR = 1.98,95% CI =1.12-3.51; low level: OR =2.08, 95% CI =1.18-3.68), high school students with athletic specialization in low level of health awareness of sports injury risk was higher than other dimensions of health literacy level (middle level: OR =2.77, 95% CI =1.48-5.19; low level: OR =2.01, 95% CI =1.04-3.88)( P <0.05). The results of stratified analysis showed that among male students with athletic specialization and students with track and field, students with moderate/low overall health literacy had a higher risk of sports injuries compared to high level students (male students: low level, OR =2.46, 95% CI =1.15-5.28; track and field: intermediate level, OR =2.17, 95% CI =1.06-4.43, low level, OR =2.09, 95% CI =1.02-4.30; P <0.05). Conclusions There is a correlation between the health literacy level of high school students with athletic specialization and the occurrence of sports injuries. Students health awareness should be improved to reduce the risk of sports injuries.

Objective: To investigate the current status of milk tea consumption and its association with psychological distress among college students, so as to provide theoretial support for promoting the mental health of college students. Methods: From September to November 2023, a convenience sampling method was used to select 15 440 college students aged 17-24 from seven universities in Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Shanxi. A self designed questionnaire and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were used to assess milk tea consumption and psychological distress, respectively. The Mantel-Haenszel test was employed to analyze the trend of psychological distress at different levels of milk tea consumption. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between milk tea consumption and psychological distress, and the restricted cubic spline method was applied to explore the nonlinear relationship between milk tea consumption and symptoms of psychological distress. Results: The detection rate of psychological distress among college students was 59.6%. Univariate analysis indicated a significant trend association between milk tea consumption frequency ( χ 2 trend =42.33) and milk tea intake level ( χ 2 trend = 5.17 ) with psychological distress ( P <0.05). Binary Logistic regression models showed a positive association between different levels of milk tea consumption frequency and psychological distress [1-3 times (mild to moderate distress, OR =1.20,1.41), 4-5 times (mild to severe distress, OR =2.80,5.44,4.12), and ≥6 times (severe distress, OR =8.04); and milk tea intake level: 1-1 500 mL (severe distress, OR =1.35), >1 500- <3 000 mL (mild to moderate distress, OR =1.21, 1.35), ≥3 000 mL (mild to severe distress, OR =1.33,1.71,1.29)] ( P <0.05 ). The restricted cubic spline model showed a nonlinear association between milk tea intake and the risk of psychological distress ( F = 107.34 , P non linear <0.01, P overall <0.01). Conclusions High frequency and high volume milk tea consumption are associated with an increased risk of psychological distress among college students. Reducing the consumption behavior of college students milk tea is helpful to improve mental health.