Objective: To characterize perioperative dynamic changes in immune-cell phenotypes and inflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass) cardiac surgery, and to explore their associations with postoperative outcomes. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 120 adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery under CPB at West China Hospital from May 2022 to March 2023 were enrolled. Perioperative immune-cell phenotypes and concentrations of 40 inflammation-related cytokines were measured. The primary outcomes were the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score at 24 h after surgery and ΔSOFA (the peak SOFA score within 48 h after surgery minus the preoperative SOFA score). Secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), acute kidney injury (AKI), respiratory failure, severe liver injury, and infection. Results: The mean age of enrolled patients was 57±10 years. Of these, 52% (62/120) were male and 90% (108/120) underwent valve surgery. During the rewarming to the end of CPB, neutrophil counts rapidly increased (7.39×10 /L vs preoperative 3.07×10 /L, P<0.001), with significant upregulation of CD11b (7.30×10 /L vs preoperative 3.05×10 /L, P<0.001) and CD54 (7.15×10 /L vs preoperative 2.99×10 /L, P<0.001). Lymphocyte counts increased at the end of CPB (1.75×10 /L vs preoperative 1.12×10 /L, P<0.001) but decreased significantly at 24 h after surgery (0.59×10 /L vs preoperative 1.12×10 /L, P<0.001). Plasma analysis showed that multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines increased during CPB and remained elevated up to 24 h after surgery; five chemokines and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 peaked at the end of CPB. The SOFA score increased from 1 (1, 2) preoperatively to 7 (5, 10) at 24 h after surgery, with a ΔSOFA of 6 (4, 8). Within 30 days after surgery, 48 patients (40.0%) developed AKI, 17 (14.2%) developed infection, 4 (3.3%) developed severe liver injury, 3 (2.5%) developed respiratory failure, and 3 (2.5%) experienced MACE. During the 2-year follow-up, 8 patients (6.7%) experienced MACE and 5 (4.2%) died. Conclusion: Multi-organ dysfunction is common after cardiac surgery under CPB (median ΔSOFA, 6), accompanied by perioperative activation of multiple immune-cell subsets and upregulation of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and chemotactic mediators. This study provides data-driven evidence and research clues for further investigation of the associations between CPB-related immune perturbations and postoperative organ dysfunction and clinical outcomes.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism by which Qidan Yifei Tongqiao granules （QDYF） alleviate nasal mucosal remodeling in allergic rhinitis （AR） via the interleukin-33 （IL-33）/growth stimulation expressed gene 2 （ST2）/interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein （IL-1RAP） signaling pathway from the perspective of Qi-replenishing and blood-activating therapy. MethodsFirst， according to the previous network pharmacology results， this study predicted the potential mechanisms of QDYF in treating AR by screening key pathways， components， and targets. Molecular docking was performed via AutoDock and PyMOL 2.5.5. Subsequently， a rat model of ovalbumin （OVA）-induced AR was used for validation through in vivo experiments. Forty-eight rats were assigned into 6 groups： Control， model， low-dose QDYF （QDYF-L， 4.04 g·kg^-1）， medium-dose QDYF （QDYF-M， 8.08 g·kg^-1）， high-dose QDYF （QDYF-H， 16.16 g·kg^-1）， and loratadine （0.9 mg·kg^-1）. After 14 days of intervention， behavioral scores of the rats were observed. The morphological changes of nasal mucosa tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Masson staining was used to observe collagen fiber deposition in the nasal mucosal tissue and to calculate the collagen volume fraction （CVF）. The expression of E-cadherin （E-cad） in the nasal mucosa tissue was detected by immunofluorescence. The serum levels of helper T cell 2 （Th2） cytokines interleukin-4 （IL-4）， interleukin-5 （IL-5）， and interleukin-13 （IL-13） as well as helper T cell 1 （Th1） cytokines interleukin-2 （IL-2） and interferon-γ （INF-γ） were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The protein levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 （TGF-β₁）， IL-33， ST2， and IL-1RAP in the nasal mucosa tissue were determined by Western blot. ResultsIL-33， ST2， and IL-1RAP had strong binding ability with the main active ingredients—wogonin， 7-methoxy-2-methylisoflavone， formononetin， naringenin， stigmasterol， and beta-sitosterol of QDYF， with the binding energy < -4.25 kcal⋅mol^-1（1 cal≈4.184 J）. The results of in vivo experiments showed that compared with the control group， the model group exhibited increased behavioral scores （P<0.05）， aggravated pathological damage of nasal mucosa， increased collagen fiber deposition and CVF （P<0.05）， elevated serum levels of IL-4， IL-5， and IL-13， up-regulated protein levels of TGF-β₁， IL-33， ST2， and IL-1RAP in the nasal mucosa （P<0.05）， down-regulated expression of E-cad， and declined serum levels of IL-2， IFN-γ， and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the QDYF groups and loratadine group showed reduced behavioral scores （P<0.05）， alleviated pathological damage of nasal mucosa， reduced collagen fiber deposition and CVF （P<0.05）， and up-regulated E-cad expression （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the QDYF-H group and the loratadine group showed raised levels of INF-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio （P<0.05）， declined serum levels of IL-4， IL-5， and IL-13， and down-regulated protein levels of TGF-β₁， IL-33， ST2， and IL-1RAP in the nasal mucosa （P<0.05）. In addition， the QDYF-H group exhibited an elevated serum IL-2 level （P<0.05）. The QDYF-M group showed down-regulated protein levels of TGF-β₁， IL-33 and IL-1RAP in the nasal mucosa （P<0.05）. The QDYF-L group demonstrated a down-regulated protein level of ST2 in the nasal mucosa （P<0.05）. ConclusionQDYF may regulate the Th1/Th2 balance through the IL-33/ST2/IL-1RAP signaling pathway， thereby ameliorating nasal mucosal tissue remodeling and alleviating AR.

Objective To establish a risk prediction model of continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)withdrawal failure in patients with infectious shock complicating acute kidney injury(AKI)based on the decision tree algorithm,and to explore the influencing factors of CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with infectious shock complicating AKI.Methods 220 patients with infectious shock complicating AKI admitted to our hospital from May 2020 to May 2023 were retrospectively analyzed,and divided into success group and failure group according to the success or failure of the withdrawal,univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen risk factors of CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with septic shock complicated with AKI,C-reactive protein/albumin(CRP/ALB)at admission and sepsis-related organ failure assessment(SOFA)score at withdrawal,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE Ⅱ)score,N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)level at the beginning of CRRT,mean arterial pressure(MAP)grading,urine volume after withdrawal,and serum creatinine(Scr)level after withdrawal were taken into constructing a decision tree model and validating the model efficacy.Results In this study,there were 41.82％of patients failed to withdrawal.Combination of univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that SOFA score at withdrawal,APACHE Ⅱ scores,urine volume after withdrawal,Scr level after withdrawal,NT-proBNP at the beginning of CRRT,and MAP grading,CRP/ALB at the time of admission were an independent risk factor for CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with septic shock complicated with AKI(P＜0.05).The results showed that the higher CRP/ALB was the most important influencing factor on the failure of CRRT evacuation in patients with infectious shock complicating AKI,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.965.Conclusion The decision tree model constructed by CRP/ALB at admission,SOFA score at withdrawal,urine volume after withdrawal,Scr level after withdrawal,APACHE Ⅱ score,and MAP grading has a better predictive efficacy of CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with infectious shock complicating AKI,which is a guideline for patients'prognostic assessment.

BACKGROUND:Buqi Huoxue Compounds have shown significant clinical effects on the treatment of ischemic stroke due to qi deficiency and phlegm stasis,but its specific mechanism of action needs to be further clarified.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of Buqi Huoxue Compounds on the neurological function,p-Akt and serum exosome expression in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.METHODS:Forty adult male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats,6 weeks old,were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,Buqi Huoxue Compounds group,Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group,with 10 rats in each group.In the latter three groups,a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established using thread technique.The sham operation group was given incision and separation without inserting a suture.The Buqi Huoxue Compounds group was intragastrically given Buqi Huoxue Compounds(6.49 g/kg,administered three times a day)2 hours after reperfusion;the GW4869+Buqi Huoxue Compounds group was intragastrically given Buqi Huoxue Compounds(6.49 g/kg,administered three times a day)2 hours after reperfusion and intraperitoneally given GW4869[2.5 mg/(kg·d)]2 hours before gavage with 3 days after modeling.Both the sham operation group and model group received equal amounts of saline via gavage,three times a day,for 7 consecutive days.Neurological function,cerebral infarct volume,brain tissue morphology,characterization of serum exosome,p-Akt in the cortical area and CD63 and TSG101 in serum exosome were detected after 7 days of administration.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)After modeling,compared with the sham operation group,the neurological function scores of the model group,Buqi Huoxue Compounds group,and Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group were significantly increased(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).After 7 days of intervention,the neurological function scores of the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group were significantly lower than those of the model group and Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group(all P＜0.01).(2)The results of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining showed that cerebral infarct foci were observed in the model group,Buqi Huoxue Compounds group,and Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group,and the cerebral infarct volume in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group was smaller than that in the model group and the Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group(P＜0.01).(3)The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the morphological and structural abnormalities of nerve cells in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group and Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group were less severe than those in the model group,but some cells still exhibited cytoplasmic agglutination and pyknosis in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group and Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group.(4)NanoSight analysis showed that the diameters of the isolated particles ranged from 60 nm to 300 nm,consistent with the characteristic size of exosomes.(5)Western blot results showed that the expression of p-Akt in the infarct zone and expression of CD63 and TSG101 in serum exosomes were significantly lower in the model group compared with the sham operation group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the expression of p-Akt in the infarct zone and expression of CD63 and TSG101 in serum exosomes were significantly higher in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group than in the model group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).However,the p-Akt expression in the infarct zone and CD63 expression in serum exosomes decreased significantly in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds+GW4869 group(P＜0.05),while TSG101 expression decreased without significant difference after the addition of GW4869.(6)To conclude,Buqi Huoxue Compounds attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and increase the expression of p-Akt in rats by promoting exosome secretion.

Objective To investigate the incidence of hip fracture among the elderly in communities,explore related influencing factors,and develop and validate a risk prediction model.Methods A stratified sampling method was used to collect sociodemographic data,lifestyles and risk factors in hip fracture between January 2023 and January 2024 among the elderly residents in communities in Deyang.With random splitting,479 elderly people(68.00%)were assigned to the model training set,and 221(32.00%)to the model validation set.In the model training set,the participants were divided into a fracture group and a non-fracture group based on hip fracture or not.Data from both groups were compared,and R software(version 4.3.1)was employed to develop and validate the risk prediction model.Results A total of 700 elderly residents in communities were included,62 of them had hip fracture within one year yielding a cumulative incidence rate of 8.86%.The risk prediction model identified six predictors:frequent consumption of preserved foods,daily exercise time,daily sunlight exposure,osteoporosis,times of fall within a year,and with≥20 pieces of natural teeth.In the training set,the model achieved an AUC of 0.945(95%CI:0.908-0.982),with a sensitivity of 88.89%and a specificity of 89.40%.The calibration curve demonstrated a good agreement between predicted and actual values,indicating a strong calibration.Decision curve analysis(DCA)showed a positive net benefit.In the validation set,the AUC was 0.892(95%CI:0.784-0.999),with a sensitivity of 82.35%and a specificity of 93.63%,confirming a good model fit and predictive performance.The calibration curve exhibited a strong consistency,and DCA indicated a positive net benefit.Conclusion The developed risk prediction model for hip fracture in elderly community residents demonstrates a strong predictive value.It provides a practical reference for community workers and healthcare professionals to screen and assess the risk of hip fracture among the elderly residents in communities.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which Yangmai Tongluo formula improves microcirculation disorders induced by high homocysteine(Hcy)levels via regulation of the acid sphingomyelinase(ASM)and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress pathways.Methods Fifty male C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into a control group,Hcy model group,Yangmai Tongluo formula low-/high dose groups(5.3,10.4 g/kg,respectively),and a folic acid group(0.08 g/kg).Except for the control group,microcirculation disorders were induced in all mice using drinking water containing 1.8 g/L Hcy for 6 weeks.After modeling for 2 weeks,mice were administered the corresponding treatments by gavage for 4 weeks.Serum Hey concentrations and the blood perfusion volume of the lower extremity microvessels were measured.Protein expression levels of zonula occludens ZO-1,ZO-2,intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1),ASM,glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78),and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP)in the cardiac microvascular endothelium were analyzed using immunofluorescence.Results Serum Hcy levels were significantly increased in the Hcy model group compared with the control group(P＜0.05).Yangmai Tongluo formula did not significantly reduce Hey levels compared with the Hey model group,but blood perfusion in the lower extremities was significantly increased(P＜0.01)and expression levels of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in the cardiac microvascular endothelium were restored(P＜0.001)in the Yangmai Tongluo formula high dose group.It also inhibited the expression of ICAM-1,VCAM-1,ASM,GRP78,and CHOP(P＜0.05),with comparable effects to folic acid.Conclusions Yangmai Tongluo formula improves Hcy-induced microcirculation disorders and endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting ASM activity and alleviating ER stress,via a mechanism closely related to the regulation of endothelial inflammation and barrier stability.These result provide experimental evidence to support the use of traditional Chinese medicine to treat microvascular diseases.

This study was aimed at identifying the pathogenic bacteria responsible for the death of a young tiger at the Fujian Meihua Mountain South China Tiger Breeding Research Institute.Tissue samples from the lungs,liver,and intestines of the deceased tiger were collected,and the bacteria were cultured inasterile environment.The bacterial strains were characterized according to their morphological and molecular biological properties,including assessment of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes,mouse lethality tests,and antibiotic susceptibility evaluations.A predominant bacterial strain isolated from the liver of the deceased tiger was identified as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)strain Tiger22513F.Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Tiger22513F strain exhibited close genetic similarity to the reference strain ETEC(MF919609.1),with 99.9%nucleotide similarity,and resided on the same evolutionary branch.The Tiger22513F strain contained 11 antibiotic resistance genes(tetA,sul1,sul3,cmlA,floR,blaTEM,blaSHV,blaCMY-2,qnrA,qnrS,and qnrD)along with five virulence genes(VT1,fyuA,tsh,iucD,and ST).Mouse lethality tests indicated significant pathogenicity toward mice,affecting primarily the lungs,liver,and intestines.Antibiotic susceptibility testing demonstrated that this strain exhibited resistance to various classes of beta-lactam antibiotics,as well as quinolones and aminoglycosides.This investigation successfully isolated a multi-drug resistant enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain with pronounced pathogenicity from the liver of a deceased tiger;thus providing valuable scientific insights for clinical diagnosis,as well as prevention and control measures,against ETEC infections in South China tigers.

Objective To establish a risk prediction model of continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)withdrawal failure in patients with infectious shock complicating acute kidney injury(AKI)based on the decision tree algorithm,and to explore the influencing factors of CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with infectious shock complicating AKI.Methods 220 patients with infectious shock complicating AKI admitted to our hospital from May 2020 to May 2023 were retrospectively analyzed,and divided into success group and failure group according to the success or failure of the withdrawal,univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen risk factors of CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with septic shock complicated with AKI,C-reactive protein/albumin(CRP/ALB)at admission and sepsis-related organ failure assessment(SOFA)score at withdrawal,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE Ⅱ)score,N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)level at the beginning of CRRT,mean arterial pressure(MAP)grading,urine volume after withdrawal,and serum creatinine(Scr)level after withdrawal were taken into constructing a decision tree model and validating the model efficacy.Results In this study,there were 41.82％of patients failed to withdrawal.Combination of univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that SOFA score at withdrawal,APACHE Ⅱ scores,urine volume after withdrawal,Scr level after withdrawal,NT-proBNP at the beginning of CRRT,and MAP grading,CRP/ALB at the time of admission were an independent risk factor for CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with septic shock complicated with AKI(P＜0.05).The results showed that the higher CRP/ALB was the most important influencing factor on the failure of CRRT evacuation in patients with infectious shock complicating AKI,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.965.Conclusion The decision tree model constructed by CRP/ALB at admission,SOFA score at withdrawal,urine volume after withdrawal,Scr level after withdrawal,APACHE Ⅱ score,and MAP grading has a better predictive efficacy of CRRT withdrawal failure in patients with infectious shock complicating AKI,which is a guideline for patients'prognostic assessment.

BACKGROUND:Buqi Huoxue Compounds have significant clinical efficacy in treating ischemic stroke with Qi deficiency and phlegm stasis;however,the exact mechanism of action is not clear. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Buqi Huoxue Compounds on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,brain-derived neurotrophic factor and autophagy related protein Beclin1 and p62 in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS:Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,Buqi Huoxue Compounds group and autophagy inhibitor group,with 10 rats in each group.In the latter three groups,a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was established.The Buqi Huoxue Compounds group was intragastrically given Buqi Huoxue Compounds(6.49 g/kg,administered three times a day)2 hours after reperfusion;the autophagy inhibitor group was intragastrically given Buqi Huoxue Compounds(6.49 g/kg,administered three times a day)2 hours after reperfusion and intraperitoneally given 3-methyladenine 2 hours before gavage and at days 1-3 of gavage.The sham operation group and model group were given equal amounts of saline by gavage for 7 consecutive days.Neurological function,cerebral infarct volume,brain tissue morphology and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,brain-derived neurotrophic factor and autophagy-related proteins Beclin1 and p62 in the ischemic cortical region of rats were detected at 24 hours after the final administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Zea-Longa scoring results showed that the neurological function of rats was severely damaged after modeling and neurological deficit of rats in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group was less than that in the model group and the autophagy inhibitor group(P＜0.05).TTC staining showed that cerebral infarct foci were observed in the model group,Buqi Huoxue Compounds group,and autophagy inhibitor group,and the cerebral infarct volume in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group was lower than that in the model group and the autophagy inhibitor group(P＜0.05).The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining in ischemic brain tissues showed that there were large gaps between nerve cells in the model group and cell arrangement was not neat,and cytoplasmic agglutination and pyknosis were observed.Immunohistochemical staining results showed that vascular endothelial growth factor was mostly expressed in neuronal cells,glial cells and capillary endothelium;basic fibroblast growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were mostly expressed in neuronal cells and glial cells;and there was no significant difference in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor among the four groups(P＞0.05).The results of western blot assay showed that compared with the sham operation group,Beclin1 protein expression was decreased(P＜0.05)and p62 protein expression was elevated(P＜0.05)in the model group;compared with the model group,Beclin1 protein expression was increased(P＜0.05)and p62 protein expression was reduced(P＜0.05)in the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group;compared with the Buqi Huoxue Compounds group,Beclin1 protein expression was decreased(P＜0.05)and p62 protein expression was elevated(P＜0.05)in the autophagy inhibitor group.To conclude,Buqi Huoxue Compounds attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by promoting autophagy.

BACKGROUND:Eucommia ulmoides has a certain osteogenic effect,which can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.However,it is unclear whether Eucommia ulmoides has effects on alveolar bone formation and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the mechanism by which Eucommia ulmoides promotes alveolar bone formation in ovariectomized rats based on the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. METHODS:Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into five groups:blank control group,sham-operation group,model group,low-dose group Eucommia ulmoides group,and high-dose Eucommia ulmoides group,with twelve rats in each group.Osteoporosis animal models were constructed by bilateral oophorectomy in the model group and the low-dose and high-dose Eucommia ulmoides groups.The sham-operation group underwent the same method to remove adipose tissue of equal mass around the bilateral ovaries.Three months after surgery,the low-and high-dose Eucommia ulmoides groups were given 2.1 g/kg/d and 4.2 g/kg/d Eucommia ulmoides by gavage,respectively.The sham-operation group and model group were given the same amount of physiological saline by gavage.After 12 weeks of drug intervention,the changes in alveolar bone mass of rats in each group were observed through Micro-CT;hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathological structural changes of alveolar bone in rats;enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in the serum of rats;western blot was used to detect the expression levels of β-Catenin and Frizzled9 receptor proteins in the alveolar bone of rats;and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of osteocalcin,Runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2),alkaline phosphatase,β-catenin,and frizzled9 mRNAs in alveolar bone tissues of rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the blank control group,bone volume fraction,trabecular number,trabecular thickness,and bone mineral density were reduced in the model group(P＜0.05),and trabecular separation was elevated(P＜0.05).Pathological observation showed that the arrangement of trabeculae was disordered and irregular,the trabeculae were thinned or broken,and the marrow cavity was enlarged in the model group,with a significant reduction in bone volume;the level of alkaline phosphatase in the serum was increased(P＜0.05),and the level of osteocalcin was decreased(P＜0.05);mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase,osteocalcin,Runx2,β-catenin,and frizzled9 were decreased(P＜0.05);protein expression of β-Catenin and Frizzled9 was decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the low-and high-dose Eucommia ulmoides groups showed an increase in bone volume fraction,trabecular number,trabecular thickness,and bone mineral density(P＜0.05)and a decrease in trabecular separation(P＜0.05).In the low-and high-dose Eucommia ulmoides groups,bone trabeculae were slightly aligned and thickened,with a significant increase in bone mass.Compared with the model group,the serum level of alkaline phosphatase was reduced(P＜0.05)and the serum level of osteocalcin was elevated(P＜0.05)in the low-and high-dose Eucommia ulmoides groups.Compared with the model group,the mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase,osteocalcin,Runx2,β-catenin,and frizzled9 were increased in the low-and high-dose Eucommia ulmoides groups(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the protein expression of Frizzled9 was increased in the low-dose Eucommia ulmoides group(P＜0.05),while the protein expression of β-Catenin and Frizzled9 was increased in the high-dose Eucommia ulmoides group(P＜0.05).Compared with the low-dose Eucommia ulmoides group,the high-dose Eucommia ulmoides group had a more significant improvement in the above indexes.To conclude,Eucommia ulmoides can effectively promote the alveolar bone formation,and its mechanism of action might be related to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.