ObjectiveTo elucidate the chemical composition of the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian and its distribution characteristics in blood and tissues of rats. MethodsUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） was used to detect the reference sample solution， plasma， and tissue samples of Jinshui Liujunjian under positive and negative ion modes， respectively. Qualitative Analysis 10.0 software and a self-constructed database were employed for primary mass spectrum matching.Compound identification was further validated by comparing retention times， secondary mass spectral fragments， reference standards， and literature data to deduce fragmentation pathways. ResultsA total of 122 compounds were identified in the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian， including 47 flavonoids， 5 amino acids， 13 iridoids， 16 triterpenoid saponins， etc.， of which 42 compounds were confirmed by comparison with reference substances. A total of 21 prototype components were identified in blood components； 50 prototype components were identified in different tissues， among which 13， 10， 7， 21， 11， 6， 14， and 40 prototype components were identified in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidney， brain， large intestine， and stomach， respectively. Among them， 7 compounds such as ferulic acid， glycyrrhizic acid， and nobiletin were exposed in the target organs of lung and kidney. ConclusionThis study elucidates the material basis of the reference samples of Jinshui Liujunjian， primarily composed of flavonoids and triterpenoid saponins， along with their in vivo distribution characteristics. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing quality evaluation indicators and offer references for subsequent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the chemical composition of the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian and its distribution characteristics in blood and tissues of rats. MethodsUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） was used to detect the reference sample solution， plasma， and tissue samples of Jinshui Liujunjian under positive and negative ion modes， respectively. Qualitative Analysis 10.0 software and a self-constructed database were employed for primary mass spectrum matching.Compound identification was further validated by comparing retention times， secondary mass spectral fragments， reference standards， and literature data to deduce fragmentation pathways. ResultsA total of 122 compounds were identified in the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian， including 47 flavonoids， 5 amino acids， 13 iridoids， 16 triterpenoid saponins， etc.， of which 42 compounds were confirmed by comparison with reference substances. A total of 21 prototype components were identified in blood components； 50 prototype components were identified in different tissues， among which 13， 10， 7， 21， 11， 6， 14， and 40 prototype components were identified in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidney， brain， large intestine， and stomach， respectively. Among them， 7 compounds such as ferulic acid， glycyrrhizic acid， and nobiletin were exposed in the target organs of lung and kidney. ConclusionThis study elucidates the material basis of the reference samples of Jinshui Liujunjian， primarily composed of flavonoids and triterpenoid saponins， along with their in vivo distribution characteristics. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing quality evaluation indicators and offer references for subsequent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations.

Lung transplantation is a definitive treatment for end-stage lung disease and can significantly improve patient prognosis. However, postoperative complications such as infection, rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury and chronic lung allograft dysfunction intertwine to form a complex pathological network, posing persistent challenges to long-term patient survival. In 2025, research teams worldwide have made systematic progress in the field of basic lung transplantation research. By integrating cutting-edge technologies including single-cell multi-omics, spatial transcriptomics and novel animal models, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the evolutionary dynamics of drug-resistant infections, molecular mechanisms of immune regulation, programmed cell death, optimization of donor lung protection strategies and early warning of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. This article systematically reviews the representative advances in basic lung transplantation research worldwide in 2025, and deeply analyzes the implications of mechanistic breakthroughs for optimizing diagnosis and treatment strategies, aiming to anchor the direction for innovative breakthroughs and clinical translation in basic lung transplantation research.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) require long-term pharmacotherapy. Due to the wide variety of clinically available drugs, medication safety has become increasingly concerning. As an indispensable component of pharmaceutical formulations, drug excipients may induce various adverse reactions, including rash, allergic responses, and gastrointestinal discomfort, and may even lead to severe organic injury. However, they are often overlooked in clinical practice. Therefore, identifying and managing excipient-related adverse reactions is crucial for ensuring medication safety. To address this issue, this article systematically reviews common excipients in IBD therapeutics, the underlying mechanisms of excipient-induced adverse reactions, and corresponding management strategies, aiming to enhance clinicians' awareness of excipient-related issues, improve their ability to recognize and manage such reactions, and ultimately ensure patient safety.

AIM:To compare the consistency of macular microvascular parameters measured by three devices: frequency-domain optical coherence tomography angiography(FD-OCTA)with split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography(SSADA), FD-OCTA with optical microangiography(OMAG), and swept-source OCTA(SS-OCTA), in patients with long-term hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)administration for rheumatoid arthritis(RA).METHODS:This prospective study enrolled patients treated with HCQ for 5 y due to RA who visited the Department of Ophthalmology of the hospital from January 2022 to November 2025. All subjects underwent a 6 mm×6 mm macular scan with three OCTA devices in random order, with a 5-minute interval between examinations by different devices. Images of the superficial capillary plexus(SCP)and deep capillary plexus(DCP)were acquired. The following microvascular parameters were compared: foveal superficial capillary plexus vessel density(F-SCP VD), parafoveal superficial capillary plexus vessel density(PF-SCP VD), foveal deep capillary plexus vessel density(F-DCP VD), parafoveal deep capillary plexus vessel density(PF-DCP VD), and the area of the foveal avascular zone(FAZ).RESULTS:A total of 34 female patients(68 eyes)treated with HCQ for 5 y due to RA were enrolled in this study, aged 38-58 y with a mean age of 49.3±5.05 y. Statistically significant differences were found in F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD, PF-DCP VD, and FAZ area among measurements obtained by SS-OCTA, SSADA-based FD-OCTA, and OMAG-based FD-OCTA(all P<0.05). No statistically significant differences in all above parameters were observed between SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA(all P>0.05). FAZ areas measured by the three devices were highly positively correlated(|r|≥0.8, P<0.01). The F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD, and PF-DCP VD values obtained by SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA were all highly positively correlated(|r|≥0.8, P<0.01). The PF-SCP VD and PF-DCP VD values measured by SS-OCTA versus SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA showed moderate positive correlations(0.5≤|r|<0.8, P<0.01). The F-SCP VD and F-DCP VD values measured by SS-OCTA versus SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA exhibited low positive correlations(0.3≤|r|<0.5, P<0.05). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement between SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA for the measurements of F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD and PF-DCP VD. By contrast, poor agreement was observed when comparing SS-OCTA with SSADA-based FD-OCTA or OMAG-based FD-OCTA for measurements of F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD and PF-DCP VD.Satisfactory agreement was found among the three OCTA devices for FAZ area measurements.CONCLUSION:SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA show favorable correlation and agreement in measuring macular vessel density of patients receiving HCQ, which allows cautious interchangeable use during clinical follow-up. The vessel density parameters measured by SS-OCTA were markedly different from those obtained by SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA; therefore, these devices cannot be directly interchanged.FAZ area measurements exhibit favorable inter-device agreement among the three systems, and interchangeability should be considered in the context of clinical practice.

Background: One of the major mechanisms underlying myocardial injury during ischemia and hypoxia is oxidative stress. Under hypoxic conditions, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupts the cellular antioxidant defense system, enhances lipid peroxidation, and ultimately leads to apoptosis and cellular damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key intracellular antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes oxidative stress, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation, reflects the extent of membrane damage. Therefore, investigating antioxidant compounds in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury is of significant importance. Pinocembrin, a bioactive compound derived from Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Aim: To evaluate the effects of pinocembrin on oxidative stress in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Materials and Methods: H9C2 cardiomyocytes were divided into five groups: a control group, a model group, and three pinocembrin-treated groups (low, medium, and high doses). Except for the control group, cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions (5% CO2, 1% O2, 37 °C) in glucose- and serum-free DMEM to establish a hypoxia-induced injury model. Cells were then treated with pinocembrin for 4 hours. Oxidative stress levels were assessed by measuring ROS accumulation, SOD activity, and MDA content. Result: Compared with the control group, the model group showed a significant increase in ROS production, a decrease in SOD activity, and a marked elevation in MDA levels, indicating severe oxidative stress under hypoxic conditions. In contrast, the pinocembrin-treated groups exhibited attenuation of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress. Specifically, ROS accumulation decreased, SOD activity was restored, and MDA levels were significantly reduced. These findings suggest that pinocembrin exerts protective effects by enhancing the cellular antioxidant defense system and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Conclusion Pinocembrin reduces oxidative stress and protects against cellular injury in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that pinocembrin may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for ischemiaand hypoxia-related cardiac disorders and provide a valuable foundation for further research.

Schizophrenia(SZ)is a psychiatric disorder characterized by abnormalities in brain structures and function.Diffusion MRI,such as diffusion tensor imaging(DTI),diffusion kurtosis imaging(DKI),diffusion spectrum imaging(DSI),neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging(NODDI),as well as high angular resolution diffusion imaging(HARDI)can help reveal microstructural abnormalities of white matter in SZ patients.The research progresses of diffusion MRI for SZ were reviewed in this article.

[Objective]To evaluate the diagnostic value of quantitative diffusion kurtosis imaging(DKI)parameters in discriminating metastatic from non-metastatic regional lymph nodes in rectal cancer.[Methods]Totally 116 patients who underwent preoperative DKI scanning and radical rectal cancer surgery without neoadjuvant therapy between January 2015 and August 2016,and 285 lymph nodes,including metastatic lymph nodes(MLNs,n=104)and non-metastatic lymph nodes(NMLNs,n=181),were analyzed.The short-axis diameter(S),apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC),mean kurtosis coefficient(MK),and mean diffusion coefficient(MD)were compared between the two groups,with S=5.5 mm as a cutoff value.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were utilized to assess diagnostic efficiency and determine optimal cutoff values.[Results]Metastatic lymph nodes exhibited significantly higher S,ADC,and MD values(P＜0.05),but markedly lower MK values(P＜0.01)compared with non-metastatic lymph nodes.The optimal cutoff values for MK[area under the curve(AUC),sensitivity,specificity]in discriminating metastatic from non-metastatic lymph nodes were 1.150(0.634,80.77%,45.86%).Subgroup analysis revealed that when S≥5.5 mm,MK was lower in metastatic lymph nodes than in non-metastatic nodes(P=0.037),with optimal cutoff values(AUC,sensitivity,specificity)of 1.213(0.604,87.50%,36.51%).No significant differences were observed in S,ADC,or MD between the groups(P＞0.05).When S＜5.5 mm,metastatic lymph nodes showed higher ADC and MD but lower MK than non-metastatic nodes(P＜0.05).The optimal cutoff values(AUC,sensitivity,specificity)for MK in this subgroup were 1.108(0.655,81.25%,55.93%).No significant difference in S was observed(P=0.097).[Conclusion]The DKI quantitative parameter MK can effectively discriminate regional MLNs from NMLNs in rectal cancer.Combining S with MK may further enhance diagnostic accuracy.

Objective To analyze the willingness and influencing factors of doctors in Beijing public hospitals to set up clinics in the community,and to provide scientific basis for promoting quality health technicians to go down to the grassroots and realize hierarchical diagnosis and treatment.Methods Doctors from 6 specialized hospita ls and 3 general hospitals in Beijing were selected as subjects for questionnaire survey.By stratified sampling,a questionnaire survey was conducted on 518 doctors from 9 public hospitals in Beijing through stratified sampling method.Descriptive analysis,rank sum test and ordered logistic regression were used to explore doctors'willingness to open clinics and its influencing factors.Results In all survey respondents,212(40.93%)physicians were very or somewhat willing to open a clinic in the community,physicians with higher benefit perception,and greater willingness to publicize relevant policies were more willing to set up clinics.Conclusion Opening of clinics by doctors in public hospitals is affected by perceived benefits and willingness to advocate policies.It is suggested to further improve relevant systems and policies,reduce the risk of doctors opening clinics,and promote doctors in public hospitals to open clinics in communities,so as to realize the sinking of high-quality health human resources to the grassroots.

Objective:To analyze the disease burden and economic burden of stroke attributed to smoking and tobacco exposure in public places among residents of Hangzhou before and after the implementation of the regulations on smoking control in public places of Hangzhou City (2019) ("Regulations").Methods:It was a cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the tobacco use survey and stroke mortality surveillance system in Hangzhou in 2018 and 2021. Population Attributable Fractions and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) attributable to smoking and tobacco exposure in public places were calculated following the methodology framework of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). The economic burden of stroke disease attributable to smoking and tobacco exposure in public places, was calculated based on medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect cost data obtained from a self-designed questionnaire.Results:The smoking rate in Hangzhou decreased from 43.03% in 2018 to 34.73% in 2021 for males, whereas it marginally increased from 0.75% to 0.97% for females. The tobacco exposure rate in public places decreased from 53.74% to 35.73% for males and from 35.24% to 23.03% for females. The DALY rate for stroke attributable to smoking decreased from 92.13×10 -5 to 71.04×10 -5 for males, whereas it increased from 1.49×10 -5 to 1.83×10 -5 for females. Similarly, the DALY rate for stroke attributable to tobacco exposure in public places decreased from 70.52×10 -5 to 45.22×10 -5 for males and from 43.91×10 -5 to 29.64×10 -5 for females. The total economic burden of stroke attributable to smoking and tobacco exposure in public places in Hangzhou City in 2018 was 398.996 3 million yuan and 476.554 2 million yuan, respectively; both of them decreased to 349.448 6 million yuan and 339.157 0 million yuan in 2021, respectively. Conclusions:The implementation of the new version of the "Regulations" has achieved remarkable tobacco control effects in Hangzhou. The burden of disease and the economic burden of stroke attributable to smoking and exposure to tobacco in public places are significantly reduced.