In the context of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome,the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is on the rise,with a close relationship between the two conditions.They often co-occur and are rapidly becoming a significant public health issue worldwide.In May 2024,the concept of"co-management of fatty liver and diabetes"was first introduced.To date,no approved medications for the treatment of T2DM combined with MASLD have been launched.This article reviewed the progress of MASLD treatment drugs within the"co-management of fatty liver and diabetes"model,providing clinical references for the treatment of T2DM combined with MASLD.

In the context of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome,the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is on the rise,with a close relationship between the two conditions.They often co-occur and are rapidly becoming a significant public health issue worldwide.In May 2024,the concept of"co-management of fatty liver and diabetes"was first introduced.To date,no approved medications for the treatment of T2DM combined with MASLD have been launched.This article reviewed the progress of MASLD treatment drugs within the"co-management of fatty liver and diabetes"model,providing clinical references for the treatment of T2DM combined with MASLD.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of SpyGlass-guided laser lithotripsy for large common bile duct (CBD) stones with diameter>2 cm.Methods:From August 2015 to August 2018, a total of 157 patients with large CBD stones at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into SpyGlass group ( n=78, underwent SpyGlass-guided laser lithotripsy) and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) group ( n=79, underwent LCBDE) by using random numbers. Non-inferiority test was used for rates of one-time stone removal and total stone removal, and the non-inferiority margin was set to 10%. The transform rate, incidence of short-term complications, hospital stay, and quality of life (assessed by the gastrointestinal quality of life index) were compared between the two groups. Results:The total success rates of stone clearance were 92.3% (72/78) and 96.2% (76/79) in the SpyGlass group and LCBDE group, respectively ( P=0.023), with valid non-inferiority hypothesis. The one-time stone removal rates were 83.3% (65/78) and 96.2% (76/79), respectively ( P=0.124), with invalid non-inferiority hypothesis. There were no significant differences in the incidence of transform [7.7% (6/78) VS 3.8% (3/79), P=0.294] or short-term complications [5.1% (4/78) VS 10.1% (8/79), P=0.246] between the two groups. Compared with the LCBDE group, the SpyGlass group had a shorter hospital stay (5.65±0.94 d VS 8.84±1.54 d, P=0.001) and higher scores of gastrointestinal quality of life index (1 month after operation: 99.85±4.36 VS 91.51±5.47, P=0.001; 3 months after operation: 131.24±3.32 VS 112.32±7.77, P=0.001). Conclusion:For large CBD stones, the efficacy of SpyGlass-guided laser lithotripsy is not inferior to LCBDE, and it is less invasive. In the future, SpyGlass-guided laser lithotripsy could be an important option for the treatment of large CBD stones.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection in the treatment of patients with primary non-ampullary duodenal early cancer.Methods:A total of 20 cases with primary non-ampullary duodenal early cancer receiving endoscopic resection were collected from Jan 2015 to Dec 2019 at the Department of Endoscopy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University.Results:The size of lesions ranged from 0.3-2.5 cm (0.9±0.5)cm.The size of removed membrane samples ranged from 1.5-3.5 cm (2.5±0.7)cm. The edges were all negatiue pathologically. Duodenal perforation occurred in 2 cases, and all were successfully clipped by endoscopy. The follow-up time was from 4-42 months (20.4±11.4)m and no recurrence was found.Conclusion:Endoscopic resection is a safe and effective method for primary non-ampullary duodenal early cancer.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of prophylactic pancreatic stent placement and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs( NSAIDs) for the prevention of post?endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan?creatography(ERCP) pancreatitis(PEP). Methods A total of 623 patients with high risk factors for PEP were treated with prophylactic pancreatic stent placement ( 145 patients, group A) or rectal NSAIDs( 478 pa?tients, group B) for PEP prevention by using the propensity score matching( PSM) analysis. Incidence of PEP, moderate and severe PEP were investigated. According to risk factors of PEP, indications of prophy?lactic pancreatic stent placement were analysed. Results Of 623 patients with high risk factors, 145 pairs were generated after PSM.Pancreatitis occurred in 32 patients,10 (6?9%) in group A and 22 (15?2%) in group B( P<0?05 ) . Moderate?to?severe pancreatitis developed in 5 ( 3?4%) patients in group A and 14 (9?7%) patients in group B(P<0?05).Risk factors of post?ERCP PEP were cannulation attempts duration longer than 10 minutes, precut sphincterotomy, more than one pancreatic guidewire passages and history of ampullectomy. Conclusion Although the NSAIDs represent an easy, inexpensive treatment, prophylactic pancreatic stent placement is still a better prevention strategy for PEP.Prophylactic pancreatic stents should be recommended to those with risk factors including cannulation attempts duration longer than 10 minutes, precut sphincterotomy, more than one pancreatic guidewire passages and ampullectomy.

Objective To explore the clinical effects of laparoscopic combined with gastroscopic surgery for the gastric stromal tumors (GSTs) from the muscularis propria.Methods The clinical data of 25 patients with GSTs from the muscularis propria who were admitted to the Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University between January 2011 and January 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients received the general anaesthesia by endotracheal intubation.The pneumoperitoneum was done by an arc incision of 0.5 cm above margin of the umbilical cord and then laparoscopy was placed for exposing and gastroscopy was placed for confirming the location of the tumor.A laparoscope was placed in the cavity via the trocar at the navel,and the other two trocars penetrated both the abdominal and stomach walls.With gastroscopic monitoring,the operation was carried out in the gastric lumen using laparoscopic instruments and the tumor was resected.The tumor tissue was removed orally using a gastroscopic basket,and puncture holes and perforations were sutured using titanium clips.The proton pump inhibitor and antibiotics were used as the conventional therapy for 3 days,while adjuvant therapy with a usage of imatinib was applied to patients who were confirmed with the high-risk GSTs by pathological examination after tumors resection,and the other patients did not receive adjuvant therapy.Gastroscopic reexamination was done every 3 months within postoperative 1 year and then every 6 months after 1 year.Abdominal CT reexamination was done every 6 months within postoperative 1 year and then every 1 year after 1 year.The followup was done till December 2014.Results All the 25 patients received successfully modified laparoscopic combined with gastroscopic surgery without conversion to open surgery and postoperative complication.The operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss,diameter of tumor,duration of postoperative abdominal pain and duration of hospital stay were (79 ± 4) minutes,(28 ± 3) mL,(2.6 ± 0.3) cm,(2.8 ± 0.3) days and (6.3 ± 0.3) days,respectively.GSTs were confirmed by postoperative pathological examination.The mitotic count was (3.3 ± 0.3) /50 HPF and reached R0 resection.Extremely low risk was detected in 3 patients,low risk in 19 patients,intermediate risk in 3 patients and no high risk was detected.Two of 3 patients with intermediate risk took the medicines following instructions without the adverse drug reaction,and 1 of 3 patients refused to take the medicines due to low income.All the patients were followed up for 12-36 months without the recurrence or metastasis of tumors.Conclusion Modified laparoscopic combined with gastroscopic surgery is feasible and effective for the treatment of gastric stromal tumors (GSTs) from the muscularis propria.

Objective To evaluate whether small endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) plus balloon dilation (EPBD) can replace endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) alone for patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones.Methods From May 2008 to April 2011,462 patients with CBD stones were randomly divided into two groups.The success rate of complete stone removal after the first session,the rate of using mechanical lithotripsy (ML),the short-term complications,the procedure time and fluo roscopy time were compared between the two groups.Results Overall ductal clearance did not differ between the two groups (96.5％ vs 93.5％,P＞0.05).The complication rates at 24 hours were 6.9％ for the small EST plus EPBD group and 11.7％ for the EST group (P＞0.05).However,the rate of complete stone removal after the first session using small EST plus EPBD was significantly higher than EST alone (86.2％ vs 70.4％,P＜0.05).ML was required significantly more often in the EST group when compared with the small EST plus EPBD group (34.8％ vs 12.1％,P＜0.05).The total procedure time and total fluoroscopy time in the small EST plus EPBD group were significantly shorter than the EST group [(38.6±15.5) min vs (47.1±20.2) min,P＜0.05 and (17.3± 7.0) min vs (26.5±10.8) min,P＜0.05].Conclusions Compared with EST,small EST plus EPBD was safe and more efficacious for bile duct stones.In the future,small EST plus EPBD probably can replace EST to be the first treatment of choice for bile duct stones.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of small endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) plus large balloon dilataion (EPLBD) for removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones larger than 12mm.Methods From June 2009 to December 2011,a total of 198 patients with CBD stones were randomly divided into two groups to receive EPLBD (n =100) or EST only (n =98).The rate of complete stone removal after the first session,the overall success rate of stone removal,the rate of using mechanical lithotripsy (ML),the rate of post procedure complication,procedure time and fluoroscopy time were compared between the two groups.Results The rate of complete stone removal after the first session in EPLBD group (89.0％) was significantly higher than that in EST group (71.4％,P ＜ 0.05).ML was required significantly more often in EST group (35.7％) compared to EPLBD group (12.0％,P ＜0.05).Total procedure time and total fluoroscopy time in EPLBD group (39.3 ± 15.8 min and 14.2 ±5.2 min) were significantly shorter than those of EST group (48.4 ± 19.3 min and 24.2 ±9.4 min,P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference between two groups in overall success rate of stone removal (97.0％ in EPLBD vs.93.9％in EST group,P ＞ 0.05) and the complications rate (8.0％ in EPLBD vs.13.3％ in ESTgroup,P ＞0.05).Conclusion EPLBD is as safe and effective as EST for common bile duct stones,larger than 12mm,and is more efficient in terms of procedure time,use of ML and success rate of stone removal.