Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of different endovascular interventional treatments for extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms.Method:The clinical data of 48 patients with extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms treated with multiple endovascular procedures were retrospectively analyzed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from February 2012 to February 2024. The patients presented with a total of 48 extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms, ranging in diameter from 2.5 to 34.2 mm [mean (12.0±9.6) mm]. The lesions were distributed as follows: 25 in the internal carotid artery, 16 in the external carotid artery and 7 in the common carotid artery. The selection of endovascular interventional techniques was tailored to individual cases according to the pseudoaneurysm size, anatomical location, morphological configuration, and specific features of the parent artery. Perioperative adverse events were monitored, and the efficacy of individualized endovascular interventional therapy was evaluated based on immediate postoperative and 6-month follow-up digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings, including aneurysm occlusion and in-stent patency.Result:The treatment modalities included parent artery coiling occlusion ( n=16), overlapping braided carotid stent implantation ( n=3), covered stent placement ( n=23), combined implantation of covered stent and braided carotid stent implantation ( n=4) and flow-diverting stent implantation ( n=2) based on the characteristics of the pseudoaneurysms. Endovascular interventional procedures were successfully completed in 47 patients (technical success rate: 97.9%). Immediate postoperative DSA revealed residual pseudoaneurysm at the distal end of the stent in 1 case. Among the remaining cases, complete aneurysm obliteration or faint opacification was observed, with stent lumen patency confirmed in 31 cases and complete parent artery occlusion achieved in 16 cases. In one case involving a patient who underwent flow-diverting stent implantation, a pulsatile vascular murmur reappeared in the neck one week postoperatively. Follow-up DSA revealed stent migration into the aneurysm sac. After retrieval and removal of the displaced stent, combined implantation of a covered stent and a braided carotid artery stent was performed. Postoperative angiography confirmed complete aneurysm occlusion and patent parent artery blood flow. No severe perioperative adverse events (e.g., aneurysm rupture) were observed. During a postoperative follow-up period of 6.2-24.2 months, DSA at 6 months revealed mild in-stent or distal segment stenosis in 2 patients who underwent covered stent implantation. The remaining 46 patients exhibited complete aneurysm occlusion with no significant stenosis observed within the stent lumen. At the final follow-up, all patients demonstrated resolution or significant alleviation of clinical symptoms. Conclusion:Individualized endovascular interventional therapy demonstrates favorable safety and efficacy profiles in managing extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of different endovascular interventional treatments for extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms.Method:The clinical data of 48 patients with extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms treated with multiple endovascular procedures were retrospectively analyzed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from February 2012 to February 2024. The patients presented with a total of 48 extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms, ranging in diameter from 2.5 to 34.2 mm [mean (12.0±9.6) mm]. The lesions were distributed as follows: 25 in the internal carotid artery, 16 in the external carotid artery and 7 in the common carotid artery. The selection of endovascular interventional techniques was tailored to individual cases according to the pseudoaneurysm size, anatomical location, morphological configuration, and specific features of the parent artery. Perioperative adverse events were monitored, and the efficacy of individualized endovascular interventional therapy was evaluated based on immediate postoperative and 6-month follow-up digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings, including aneurysm occlusion and in-stent patency.Result:The treatment modalities included parent artery coiling occlusion ( n=16), overlapping braided carotid stent implantation ( n=3), covered stent placement ( n=23), combined implantation of covered stent and braided carotid stent implantation ( n=4) and flow-diverting stent implantation ( n=2) based on the characteristics of the pseudoaneurysms. Endovascular interventional procedures were successfully completed in 47 patients (technical success rate: 97.9%). Immediate postoperative DSA revealed residual pseudoaneurysm at the distal end of the stent in 1 case. Among the remaining cases, complete aneurysm obliteration or faint opacification was observed, with stent lumen patency confirmed in 31 cases and complete parent artery occlusion achieved in 16 cases. In one case involving a patient who underwent flow-diverting stent implantation, a pulsatile vascular murmur reappeared in the neck one week postoperatively. Follow-up DSA revealed stent migration into the aneurysm sac. After retrieval and removal of the displaced stent, combined implantation of a covered stent and a braided carotid artery stent was performed. Postoperative angiography confirmed complete aneurysm occlusion and patent parent artery blood flow. No severe perioperative adverse events (e.g., aneurysm rupture) were observed. During a postoperative follow-up period of 6.2-24.2 months, DSA at 6 months revealed mild in-stent or distal segment stenosis in 2 patients who underwent covered stent implantation. The remaining 46 patients exhibited complete aneurysm occlusion with no significant stenosis observed within the stent lumen. At the final follow-up, all patients demonstrated resolution or significant alleviation of clinical symptoms. Conclusion:Individualized endovascular interventional therapy demonstrates favorable safety and efficacy profiles in managing extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms.

Objective:To investigate and summarize the imaging and pathological features of non-acute occlusion following flow diverter (FD) implantation in animal models.Methods:Four experimental pigs (experimental group) that experienced non-acute occlusion (occlusion time exceeding 24 hours) within the FD stent implanted in the common carotid artery, and 19 pigs (control group) that did not experience stent occlusion during the same period were involved. Using an interventional approach under digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the 4 occluded FD lumens were mechanically opened. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and histopathological examinations were performed to evaluate the intraluminal composition and characteristics of the occlusive tissues. These findings were compared with non-occluded FD stents to summarize the imaging and pathological changes within the occluded FD lumen.Results:The occlusion times of the FD stents in the 4 experimental pigs were 16 weeks, 20 weeks, 20 weeks, and 24 weeks postoperatively. All occluded stents were successfully recanalized under DSA, with a technical success rate of 4/4. Among the 19 non-occluded FD stents, OCT and IVUS revealed uniform (16 stents) or non-uniform (3 stents) neointimal coverage of the stent struts, presenting as homogeneous high/slightly high signal intensity or medium echogenicity. Histopathological examination indicated that the neointima was primarily composed of smooth muscle cells and a small amount of fibrous connective tissues. In contrast, the 4 occluded FD stents demonstrated excessive neointimal proliferation and plaque formation, leading to luminal loss, as shown by OCT and IVUS. The occlusion tissues predominantly presented as homogeneous high signal intensity with weak attenuation (fibrous plaques) on OCT, with some regions showing blurred low signal intensity and strong attenuation (lipid plaques). IVUS presented homogeneous echogenicity (fibrous plaques) and hypoechogenic zones (lipid plaques). Histopathological examination showed that the occlusion tissues mainly consisted of smooth muscle cells, fibrous connective tissues, and lipids, accompanied by numerous foam cells and a minor presence of inflammatory cells.Conclusions:Histopathological examinations confirm that non-acute occlusion of FD is mainly caused by excessive hyperplasia of intima along with the formation of fibrous plaques and lipid plaques. OCT and IVUS have typical finding in imaging that can assist in determining the cause of stent occlusion as well as the lesion's nature, thereby providing crucial guidance for subsequent clinical treatment and drug selection.

Objective:To investigate the potential causal relationships between gut microbiota composition and the risk of developing various subtypes of breast cancer by using bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:The research utilized genome-wide association studies(GWAS) data on gut microbiota from the MiBioGen database and GWAS data on breast cancer from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). In this MR study, inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR Egger, and MR-PRESSO methods were used. Additionally, reverse MR and stratified analyses were conducted to assess reverse causality and the impact on different subtypes of breast cancer.Results:Adlercreutzia (IVW OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.87-0.98, P=0.01) and Parabacteroides (IVW OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.96, P=0.007) exhibited a statistically significant protective effect on breast cancer. Conversely, Sellimonas (IVW OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09, P=0.01) was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Desulfovibrio (IVW OR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.88-1.00, P=0.04) and Ruminococcaceae (UCG013) (IVW OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.99, P=0.03) presented suggestive protective effects against breast cancer. Furthermore, stratified analysis revealed that the protective effect of Adlercreutzia against breast cancer persisted in the estrogen receptor(ER)-positive subtypes, while Desulfovibrio persisted in the ER-negative subtypes. Sellimonas was causally associated with the risk of ER-positive subtypes. CACNA1S was identified as the functional gene of Adlercreutzia, and associated with favorable prognosis in breast cancer, while ERBB4 was identified as the functional gene of Sellimonas and associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Conclusions:This study identifies the causal relationships between gut microbiota and breast cancer, suggesting a novel target for early clinical intervention and treatment, with potential implications for future functional analysis.

Objective:To explore the effects of IFN-γ on IL-8 secretion by human liver cancer cells and the impact on their malignant biological functions in vitro. Methods:HuH7 and Hep3B cells were treated with different concentrations of IFN-γ for 24 or 48 h. Changes in the cellular activity, IL-8 secretion, and the proportion of CD133 + liver cancer stem cells were evaluated using CCK8 kit and flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the effects of IFN-γ on the expression of several molecules such as phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), vimentin, and E-cadherin in the liver cancer cells. Effects of IFN-γ with or without IL-8 on the migration of liver cancer cells were detected by transwell assay. Additionally, effects of IFN-γ combined with IL-8 or IL-8 receptor inhibitor repertaxin on the differentiation of liver cancer stem cells were detected by flow cytometry. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer test were used for statistical analysis. Results:HuH7 and Hep3B cells secreted significantly higher levels of IL-8 than normal hepatocytes LO2 ( P<0.01) and high expression level of IL-8 gene ( CXCL8) was closely correlated with the expression levels of vimentin gene ( VIMENTIN), CD133 gene ( PRCM1), PD-L1 gene ( CD274), PD-1 gene ( PDCD1), and CD163 gene ( CD163), as well as the poor prognosis of liver cancer patients ( P<0.01). IFN-γ (1-100 ng/ml) had no significant effect on the proliferative activity of HuH7 and Hep3B cells ( P>0.05), but could significantly inhibit IL-8 secretion, cell migration, CD133 + liver cancer stem cell differentiation and suspension tumor sphere formation through the Akt and JNK pathways ( P<0.01). IFN-γ combined with IL-8 could significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of IFN-γ on liver cancer cell migration, stem cell differentiation, and suspension tumor sphere formation ( P<0.01). IFN-γ in combination with repertaxin could synergistically inhibited the differentiation of CD133 + liver cancer stem cells ( P<0.01). Conclusion:IFN-γ inhibits the differentiation and migration of human liver cancer cells through the Akt/JNK-IL-8 signaling pathway, providing a new strategy for future clinical immunotherapy of liver cancer.

Objective:To explore the impact of the two-way referral model on compliance and prognosis in patients with heart failure.Methods:This bidirectional cohort study enrolled chronic heart failure (CHF) patients treated at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University or designated primary hospitals between March 2018 and March 2022. Patients were categorized into two groups based on referral status: two-way referral group (participating in the referral model with≥1 follow-up visit at primary hospitals) and the core hospital group (receiving treatment and follow-up exclusively at Qilu Hospital). Baseline clinical characteristics were collected and compared between groups. Patients underwent followed-up, with primary endpoints including follow-up rate, drug (β-blockers, angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers (ARB)/angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) utilization rate and target dose achievement rate. Secondary endpoints encompassed changes from baseline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), plus cardiovascular mortality and heart failure rehospitalization. Generalized linear mixed models analyzed longitudinal trends in LVEF, LVEDd, and NT-proBNP levels. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression evaluated LVEF recovery rates, supplemented by subgroup analyses. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing target dose achievement rate for β-blockers and ACEI/ARB/ARNI therapies in CHF patients.Results:A total of 357 patients were enrolled, aged 53 (41, 63) years, including 256 males (71.7%). 157 patients were in the two-way referral group and 200 patients in the core hospital-treated group. Compared with the core hospital-treated group, the two-way referral group had lower baseline LVEF (28 (22, 34)% vs. 31 (23, 36)%, P=0.021) and systolic blood pressure (116 (104, 125) mmHg vs. 121 (109, 134) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), P=0.010). The 12-month follow-up rate of the two-way referral group was higher than the core hospital-treated group (73.8% vs. 56.0%, P=0.004). No significant between-group differences were observed in drug utilization rate of β-blockers, ACEI/ARB/ARNI, or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors during follow-up (all P>0.05), while mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists use showed a declining trend in both groups. Although the core hospital-treated group had higher target dose achievement rates for β-blockers (65.4% vs. 49.3%, P=0.042) and ACEI/ARB/ARNI (79.8% vs. 65.8%, P=0.046) than the two-way referral group, multivariate logistic regression indicated that the two-way referral model was not a negative predictor for these outcomes (all P>0.05). Both groups showed improved NT-proBNP, LVEDd, and LVEF from baseline (all P<0.001) with no significant difference in trends between groups (all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the composite incidence (7.6% vs. 6.5%, P=0.674) and cumulative incidence (log-rank P=0.684) of cardiovascular death and heart failure rehospitalization at 12 months between two groups. Conclusion:The two-way referral model demonstrates advantages in improving medication adherence, drug utilization rates, and targetdoseachievement rates among CHF patients. This model not only promotes cardiac functional recovery but also reduces risks of cardiovascular mortality and heart failure rehospitalization, achieving comparable therapeutic and management outcomes to those observed in core hospital-treated patients.

Thoracolumbar spine fracture often leads to severe pain, functional impairments, and neurological deficits, for which open reduction and internal fixation can effectively restore the spinal structural stability. Open decompression and reduction with internal fixation can help relieve spinal cord compression and improve spinal function in cases of concomitant cord injury. Although spinal stability can be restored through surgery, patients often face chronic pain and functional impairments postoperatively. A postoperative rehabilitation program is critical in optimizing therapeutic outcomes, reducing complications, and minimizing the risk of secondary injuries. However, current rehabilitation methods, such as physical therapy, functional training, and pain management, are confronted with problems in clinical practice, including significant variation in efficacy, poor patient adherence, and prolonged rehabilitation period. There is an urgent need for a unified rehabilitation strategy to address these problems. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of the Orthopedic Physicians Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the Spine Health Professional Committee of the Chinese Human Health Technology Promotion Association organized experts from relevant fields to formulate Evidence-based guidelines for rehabilitation treatment after internal fixation of thoracolumbar spine fracture in adults ( version 2025) by integrating evidences from clinical researches and advanced rehabilitation concepts at home and abroad. A total number of 14 recommendations concerning the rehabilitation treatment with multimodal analgesia, psychological intervention, deep vein thrombosis prevention, core muscle and extremity exercise, appropriate use of braces, early weight-bearing, device-aided rehabilitation exercise, neuroregulatory therapy, rehabilitation team were put forward, aiming to standardize the post-operative rehabilitation process following internal fixation, promote the functional recovery, and enhance patients′ quality of life.

Acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fracture (ASOTLF) can lead to chronic low back pain, kyphosis deformity, pulmonary dysfunction, loss of mobility, and even life-threatening complications. Vertebral augmentation is currently the mainstream treatment method for this condition. In 2019, the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma and the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association collaboratively led the development of Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation for acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures. Six years later, with advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment techniques as well as accumulating evidence in related fields, the 2019 guideline requires updating. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, the Spinal Health Professional Committee of China Human Health Science and Technology Promotion Association, and the Minimally Invasive Orthopedics Professional Committee of Shaanxi Medical Doctor Association have organized experts in the field to develop the Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation of acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures ( version 2025) , based on the latest evidence-based medical researches. This guideline incorporates 3 recommendations retained from the 2019 version with updated strength of evidence, along with 12 new recommendations. It provides recommendations from six aspects of diagnosis, pain management, treatment option selection, prevention of postoperative complications, anti-osteoporosis therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation, aiming to provide a reference for standard treatment of vertebral augmentation for ASOTLF in hospitals at all levels.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of conventional ultrasound combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for detecting cervical lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Methods:This retrospective case control study included 259 patients (249 males and 10 females,aged 40-88 years with a median age of 63 years) who were pathologically diagnosed with HNSCC at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from April 2022 to August 2024. A total of 259 lymph nodes were assessed(78 pathologically positive nodes and 181 pathologically negative ones). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to compare the diagnostic efficacies of conventional ultrasound combined with CEUS and CT, MRI, or conventional ultrasound for cervical lymph node metastasis. Patients were randomly assigned to a training group ( n=208) and a validation group ( n=51) (8∶2). Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis prediction. A nomogram model was constructed based on independent risk factors. The model predictive efficacy was assessed by ROC curve, and model′s fit was evaluated by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Results:The area under the curve (AUC) for conventional ultrasound combined with CEUS in predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in HNSCC was 0.923 (95% CI: 0.880-0.965), which was significantly higher than those for enhanced CT, cervical enhanced MRI, and conventional ultrasound [AUC were 0.820 (95% CI: 0.753-0.886), 0.802 (95% CI: 0.737-0.866), and0.836 (95% CI: 0.774-0.899), respectively].There were no statistically significant differences in clinical data between the two groups (all P>0.05). Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, among contrast-enhanced ultrasound features, the centripetal perfusion pattern, irregular perfusion defect type, and uneven distribution of contrast agent were significantly associated with cervical lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). Among conventional ultrasound features, L/S ratio≤1.5, heterogeneous internal echoes, uneven cortex thickening, blurred corticomedullary boundary, loss of lymphatic gate structure, and peripheral or mixed type on color Doppler flow imaging were significantly associated with cervical lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that the centripetal perfusion pattern, heterogeneous internal echoes, and uneven cortical thickening were independent risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). A nomogram model was constructed based on the above independent risk factors, and offered an AUC of 0.933 (95% CI:0.890-0.976) in the training group, which was significantly higher than that for enhanced CT, enhanced MRI, conventional ultrasound, and conventional ultrasound combined with CEUS [AUC were 0.818 (95% CI:0.747-0.890), 0.807 (95% CI:0.739-0.875), 0.842 (95% CI: 0.777-0.908), and 0.921 (95% CI:0.876-0.967), respectively]. In the validation group, the AUC was 0.866 (95% CI:0.703-1.000), which was higher than that for cervical enhanced CT, enhanced MRI, and conventional ultrasound [AUC were 0.820 (95% CI:0.613-1.000), 0.711 (95% CI:0.478-0.943), and 0.748 (95% CI:0.515-0.982), respectively]. Conclusion:The combination of conventional ultrasound and CEUS has significant clinical application value in predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in HNSCC.

Objective:To explore the preliminary clinical application efficacy of the side branch protection (SBP) technique in single stent-assisted coiling (SSAC) for the treatment of intracranial acute-angulated absolute wide neck bifurcation aneurysms (aWNBA).Methods:The clinical data of 23 patients with aWNBA treated at the Department of Interventional Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2013 to June 2024 were retrospectively collected. Patients were divided into two groups based on the stent type used: 11 in the side branch protection (SBP) group and 12 in the double stent-assisted coiling (DSAC) group. The characteristics of aWNBA including the size, the first and second angles between side branches and main artery, and the diameter of aneurysm, were analyzed preoperatively. Stent thromboembolism was recorded during the operation, and Raymond-Roy Occlusion Classification (RROC) and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were used to evaluate the treatment efficacy postoperatively. During the follow-up period the RROC and mRS were reevaluated and the stent stenosis was recorded. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the two groups′ data of skewed distribution, χ2 test and Fisher′s exact test were used to compare the two groups′ categorical data. Results:The 23 patients with aWNBA included 11 with aneurysms at the bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery, 6 at the top of the basilar artery, and 6 at the bifurcation of the anterior communicating artery. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of aWNBA basic characteristics before operation (all P>0.05). The SBP group had a lower incidence of intraoperative stent thromboembolism and a lower mRS postoperatively compared to DSAC group (all P<0.05); meanwhile, there was no statistically significant difference between two groups on RROC after the operation ( P=0.949). During the follow-up period, the SBP group had lower rates of stent stenosis and mRS compared to the DSAC group (all P<0.05) and there was no statistically significant difference between two groups in RROC ( P=0.527). Conclusions:In cases of dense coiling on aWNBA, the SBP technique in SSAC is able to reduce incidence of the stent thromboembolism, stent stenosis as well as neurological injury; therefore, it is a safe and feasible therapeutic strategy for the aWNBA.