[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.008.].

INTRODUCTION: Odour recognition is influenced by culture. Odour identification tests need to be adapted to a population to accurately assess olfactory function. This study's objectives were to validate the Singapore version of the Sniffin' Sticks (SS-Sg) and a locally-developed odour recognition test (Scentsor) for Singapore. METHOD: This prospective study was performed in 3 otolaryngology outpatient clinics in 3 phases (1 May to 15 November 2024). Phase 1 was a survey evaluation of 93 odour descriptors to identify familiar odour descriptors to be used in the tests (n=414); Phase 2 evaluated and finalised SS-Sg and Scentsor to ensure test odours were recognised by ≥75% of healthy controls (n=130); and Phase 3 validated both tests on healthy controls (n=473) to obtain normative data, to determine test-retest reliability (n=50), and to assess the ability to distinguish patients with olfactory loss (n=67). RESULTS: In Phase 1, the unmodified SS blue and purple sets had 15/32 (46.9%) unfamiliar test odours and 25 unfamiliar distractors combined. In Phase 2, after modification, all odours in SS-Sg and Scentsor were correctly identified by ≥75% of controls. In Phase 3, normative data (age 21-83 years) was obtained. Both tests had good test-retest reliability (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.88 with<0.001 for SS-Sg; and at 0.90 with<0.001 for Scentsor). Both tests differentiated among normosmia, hyposmia and anosmia (SS-Sg scores: 12.6 [±2.4] versus [vs] 9.8 (±3.2) vs 6.0 [±2.3] respectively,<0.001; Scentsor scores: 14.3 [±1.8] vs 11.3 [±2.8] vs 5.8 [±3.4] respectively,<0.001). CONCLUSION SS-Sg and Scentsor have been validated to assess olfaction in Singapore.
Humans ; Singapore ; Male ; Female ; Odorants/analysis* ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis* ; Adult ; Reproducibility of Results ; Aged ; Smell/physiology* ; Young Adult

Objective:To explore the improvement effect of Tiaojing Zhuyun formula combined with Dai meridian moxibustion on endometrial fibrosis in rats with intrauterine adhesions(IUA)by regulating M2 type macrophage polarization.Methods:SD rats were selected to establish an IUA model using a dual injury method of mechanical curettage and lipopolysaccharide infection,which were randomly separated into model group,Tiaojing Zhuyun formula group,Dai meridian moxibustion group,Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group,with 10 rats in each group,another 10 rats were regarded as a sham operation(control)group,after grouping and treatment,the number of embryo implantation of rats in each group after cage closure was detected;HE staining was applied to detect pathological morphology of uterine tissue in rats in different groups,and their endometrial thickness and glandular number were compared;Masson staining was applied to detect endometrial fibrosis in rats of each group,and the collagen volume fraction(CVF)was compared;ELISA was applied to detect serum levels of profibrotic factor TGF-β1,pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6,and levels of procollagen type Ⅰ carboxy-terminal peptide(PⅠNP)and procollagen Ⅲ N-terminal peptide(PⅢNP)of rats in each group;immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect expressions of M2 type macrophage markers CD163 and CD68 in endometrium of rats in each group.Results:Compared with control group,model group showed obvious pathological damage to uterine tissue,thickness of endometrium was thinner,the number of glands and embryo implantation were obviously reduced(P<0.05),endometrial CVF,levels of serum PⅠNP,P Ⅲ NP,TGF-β1,IL-1β and IL-6,and the number of CD163 and CD68 positive cells in endometrium were increased(P<0.05);compared with model group,pathological damage to uterine tissue of rats in Tiaojing Zhuyun formula group,Dai meridian moxibustion group,Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group was reduced,thickness of endometrium,the number of glands and embryo implantation,and the numbers of CD163 and CD68 positive cells in endometrium were increased(P<0.05),endometrial CVF and levels of serum PⅠNP,P Ⅲ NP,TGF-β1,IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced(P<0.05);compared with Tiaojing Zhuyun formula group and Dai meridian moxibustion group,pathological damage to uterine tissue of rats in Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group was alleviated,thickness of endometrium,the number of glands and embryo implantation,and the number of CD163 and CD68 positive cells in endometrium were increased(P<0.05),endometrial CVF and levels of serum PⅠNP,P Ⅲ NP,TGF-β1,IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced(P<0.05);there was no obvious change in all indicators between Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Combination of Tiaojing Zhuyun formula and Dai meridian moxibustion can promote the polarization of M2 type macrophages,thereby inhibiting inflammation and endometrial fibrosis in IUA rats,and improving their symptoms of uterine adhesions.

Occlusal reconstruction is an important method of restoring a normal occlusal relationship to the natural dentition.The cor-rect choice of lateral occlusion scheme is necessary for physiological occlusal reconstruction.The main lateral occlusion schemes for the occlusal reconstruction of the natural dentition are canine protection and group function.This article reviews the effects of lateral occlu-sion schemes on the stomatognathic system and factors affecting the choice of lateral occlusion schemes in the occlusal reconstruction of natural dentition.According to the literature review,the lateral occlusion schemes affect the physiological functions of the stomatognath-ic system.Both lateral occlusion schemes have less impact on the temporomandibular joint.Group function produces greater EMG activi-ty,jaw movement velocity,and jaw lateral freedom than canine protection.The lateral occlusion schemes of the natural dentition should be selected according to the degree of lateral movement,types of static occlusion,and age of patients.For patients with Angle's ClassⅢ malocclusion,skeletal Class Ⅱ,Ⅲ malocclusion,and the elderly,group function is recommended,while canine protection is more recommended for young adults.For patients who eventually need to achieve canine protection,it is recommended to design group func-tion in the early stage of lateral movement,and gradually transition to canine protection with the increase of lateral movement.Thus,clinicians need to fully understand the influencing factors of lateral occlusion selection during occlusal reconstruction in natural denti-tion,providing a basis for the development of personalized diagnostic and treatment plans.

Objective:To explore the improvement effect of Tiaojing Zhuyun formula combined with Dai meridian moxibustion on endometrial fibrosis in rats with intrauterine adhesions(IUA)by regulating M2 type macrophage polarization.Methods:SD rats were selected to establish an IUA model using a dual injury method of mechanical curettage and lipopolysaccharide infection,which were randomly separated into model group,Tiaojing Zhuyun formula group,Dai meridian moxibustion group,Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group,with 10 rats in each group,another 10 rats were regarded as a sham operation(control)group,after grouping and treatment,the number of embryo implantation of rats in each group after cage closure was detected;HE staining was applied to detect pathological morphology of uterine tissue in rats in different groups,and their endometrial thickness and glandular number were compared;Masson staining was applied to detect endometrial fibrosis in rats of each group,and the collagen volume fraction(CVF)was compared;ELISA was applied to detect serum levels of profibrotic factor TGF-β1,pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6,and levels of procollagen type Ⅰ carboxy-terminal peptide(PⅠNP)and procollagen Ⅲ N-terminal peptide(PⅢNP)of rats in each group;immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect expressions of M2 type macrophage markers CD163 and CD68 in endometrium of rats in each group.Results:Compared with control group,model group showed obvious pathological damage to uterine tissue,thickness of endometrium was thinner,the number of glands and embryo implantation were obviously reduced(P<0.05),endometrial CVF,levels of serum PⅠNP,P Ⅲ NP,TGF-β1,IL-1β and IL-6,and the number of CD163 and CD68 positive cells in endometrium were increased(P<0.05);compared with model group,pathological damage to uterine tissue of rats in Tiaojing Zhuyun formula group,Dai meridian moxibustion group,Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group was reduced,thickness of endometrium,the number of glands and embryo implantation,and the numbers of CD163 and CD68 positive cells in endometrium were increased(P<0.05),endometrial CVF and levels of serum PⅠNP,P Ⅲ NP,TGF-β1,IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced(P<0.05);compared with Tiaojing Zhuyun formula group and Dai meridian moxibustion group,pathological damage to uterine tissue of rats in Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group was alleviated,thickness of endometrium,the number of glands and embryo implantation,and the number of CD163 and CD68 positive cells in endometrium were increased(P<0.05),endometrial CVF and levels of serum PⅠNP,P Ⅲ NP,TGF-β1,IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced(P<0.05);there was no obvious change in all indicators between Tiaojing Zhuyun formula+Dai meridian moxibustion group and Bujiale group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Combination of Tiaojing Zhuyun formula and Dai meridian moxibustion can promote the polarization of M2 type macrophages,thereby inhibiting inflammation and endometrial fibrosis in IUA rats,and improving their symptoms of uterine adhesions.

Occlusal reconstruction is an important method of restoring a normal occlusal relationship to the natural dentition.The cor-rect choice of lateral occlusion scheme is necessary for physiological occlusal reconstruction.The main lateral occlusion schemes for the occlusal reconstruction of the natural dentition are canine protection and group function.This article reviews the effects of lateral occlu-sion schemes on the stomatognathic system and factors affecting the choice of lateral occlusion schemes in the occlusal reconstruction of natural dentition.According to the literature review,the lateral occlusion schemes affect the physiological functions of the stomatognath-ic system.Both lateral occlusion schemes have less impact on the temporomandibular joint.Group function produces greater EMG activi-ty,jaw movement velocity,and jaw lateral freedom than canine protection.The lateral occlusion schemes of the natural dentition should be selected according to the degree of lateral movement,types of static occlusion,and age of patients.For patients with Angle's ClassⅢ malocclusion,skeletal Class Ⅱ,Ⅲ malocclusion,and the elderly,group function is recommended,while canine protection is more recommended for young adults.For patients who eventually need to achieve canine protection,it is recommended to design group func-tion in the early stage of lateral movement,and gradually transition to canine protection with the increase of lateral movement.Thus,clinicians need to fully understand the influencing factors of lateral occlusion selection during occlusal reconstruction in natural denti-tion,providing a basis for the development of personalized diagnostic and treatment plans.

Objective:To investigate the brain activity and related hypoxic indicators in early cognitive processing stage (200-600 ms) and late cognitive processing stage (600-1 000 ms) by comparing their cognitive processing in pilots performed classical Stroop task under hypoxic state.Methods:Fifteen male Air Force pilots who were qualified in aeromedical assessment were selected. The behavioral indicators (accuracy, response time), event related potentials (ERP) component metrics (N2), and spectral metrics (Alpha band, Beta band) were monitored and analyzed when the pilots complete the cognitive conflict control task in the simulated 5 000 m hypoxic state and normal state.Results:The main effect of relationship type factors in response time indicators was significant ( F=4.10, P=0.027), and no difference found in accuracy indicators (all P>0.05). The reaction time under conflict conditions was (543.360±21.202) ms, which was higher than the reaction time under consistent conditions (509.078±14.420) ms, and the difference was significant ( F=3.28, P=0.039). The reaction time under unrelated conditions was (521.697±15.073) ms, and there was no significant difference between the reaction time under consistent and conflicting conditions (all P>0.05). Hypoxic status resulted in a significant increases in early stage indicator N2 amplitude ( F=5.34, P=0.037), and the power of Alpha, Low beta and Mid beta of late stage ( F=7.76, 5.34, 4.92, P=0.015, 0.037, 0.044). Conclusions:The amplitude of N2 can be used as the ERP indicator to investigate the pilots′ brain activities at the early stage of cognitive processing under hypoxia state; Alpha, Low beta and Mid beta bands of the spectrum can be used as the indicators to evaluate the brain activity of pilots in the late stage of cognitive processing under hypoxia state, which can be used in the training evaluation of pilots to provide more objective physiological data to improve the training effect of pilots.

Objective:To investigate the brain activity and related hypoxic indicators in early cognitive processing stage (200-600 ms) and late cognitive processing stage (600-1 000 ms) by comparing their cognitive processing in pilots performed classical Stroop task under hypoxic state.Methods:Fifteen male Air Force pilots who were qualified in aeromedical assessment were selected. The behavioral indicators (accuracy, response time), event related potentials (ERP) component metrics (N2), and spectral metrics (Alpha band, Beta band) were monitored and analyzed when the pilots complete the cognitive conflict control task in the simulated 5 000 m hypoxic state and normal state.Results:The main effect of relationship type factors in response time indicators was significant ( F=4.10, P=0.027), and no difference found in accuracy indicators (all P>0.05). The reaction time under conflict conditions was (543.360±21.202) ms, which was higher than the reaction time under consistent conditions (509.078±14.420) ms, and the difference was significant ( F=3.28, P=0.039). The reaction time under unrelated conditions was (521.697±15.073) ms, and there was no significant difference between the reaction time under consistent and conflicting conditions (all P>0.05). Hypoxic status resulted in a significant increases in early stage indicator N2 amplitude ( F=5.34, P=0.037), and the power of Alpha, Low beta and Mid beta of late stage ( F=7.76, 5.34, 4.92, P=0.015, 0.037, 0.044). Conclusions:The amplitude of N2 can be used as the ERP indicator to investigate the pilots′ brain activities at the early stage of cognitive processing under hypoxia state; Alpha, Low beta and Mid beta bands of the spectrum can be used as the indicators to evaluate the brain activity of pilots in the late stage of cognitive processing under hypoxia state, which can be used in the training evaluation of pilots to provide more objective physiological data to improve the training effect of pilots.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military flying personnel.Methods:The clinical treatment process of a helicopter navigator with PTSD were reported and the related literatures were reviewed.Results:The direct inducement of this case was that the helicopter navigator experienced the influence of a first-class flight accident. The main clinical manifestations of this case were repeated traumatic experience, low mood, decreased interest and continuously increased alertness, such as difficulty in falling asleep and nightmares, which met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. After drugs with psychological treatment, the patient was clinically cured. After the observation on ground, the patient was qualified for flight.Conclusions:Emphasis should be placed on psychological screening to improve the diagnostic awareness of PTSD in military flying personnel. Drugs with psychological treatment may be a good method to cure such diseases.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military flying personnel.Methods:The clinical treatment process of a helicopter navigator with PTSD were reported and the related literatures were reviewed.Results:The direct inducement of this case was that the helicopter navigator experienced the influence of a first-class flight accident. The main clinical manifestations of this case were repeated traumatic experience, low mood, decreased interest and continuously increased alertness, such as difficulty in falling asleep and nightmares, which met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. After drugs with psychological treatment, the patient was clinically cured. After the observation on ground, the patient was qualified for flight.Conclusions:Emphasis should be placed on psychological screening to improve the diagnostic awareness of PTSD in military flying personnel. Drugs with psychological treatment may be a good method to cure such diseases.