Objective To propose a novel method based on three-dimensional depthwise separable convolution network(3D DSN)for the separation of PET images with dual tracers of 18F-FDG and 18F-FAPI.Methods A total of 120 pairs of 18F-FDG and 18F-FAPI PET images of the same patient scanned separately at different time points were collected,and the dual-tracer PET image was generated through simulation.After the image registration of PET images of two tracers for ensuring spatial position matching,the registered PET images were forward-projected to generate sinogram data,and the sinogram data of two tracers were accumulated to obtain mixed sinogram data.Subsequently,the dual-tracer PET image was reconstructed using maximum likelihood expectation maximization and input into a 3D DSN based network for image separation,thereby obtaining PET images of two single tracers.Results Compared with 3D CNN method,the proposed method increased the structure similarity index measure(SSIM)of the separated 18F-FDG images to the real 18F-FDG images by 0.87%,increased the peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)by 11.8%,and reduced the normalized root mean square error(NRMSE)by 52%.The SSIM of the separated 18F-FAPI images to the real 18F-FAPI images increased by 1.1%,PSNR increased by 17.0%,and NRMSE decreased by 51%.Conclusion The proposed method can be effectively applied to simultaneous PET imaging with dual PET tracers,reducing the number of scans and costs in time and money,and providing clinical doctors more accurate and abundant diagnostic information.

Objective To propose a novel method based on three-dimensional depthwise separable convolution network(3D DSN)for the separation of PET images with dual tracers of 18F-FDG and 18F-FAPI.Methods A total of 120 pairs of 18F-FDG and 18F-FAPI PET images of the same patient scanned separately at different time points were collected,and the dual-tracer PET image was generated through simulation.After the image registration of PET images of two tracers for ensuring spatial position matching,the registered PET images were forward-projected to generate sinogram data,and the sinogram data of two tracers were accumulated to obtain mixed sinogram data.Subsequently,the dual-tracer PET image was reconstructed using maximum likelihood expectation maximization and input into a 3D DSN based network for image separation,thereby obtaining PET images of two single tracers.Results Compared with 3D CNN method,the proposed method increased the structure similarity index measure(SSIM)of the separated 18F-FDG images to the real 18F-FDG images by 0.87%,increased the peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)by 11.8%,and reduced the normalized root mean square error(NRMSE)by 52%.The SSIM of the separated 18F-FAPI images to the real 18F-FAPI images increased by 1.1%,PSNR increased by 17.0%,and NRMSE decreased by 51%.Conclusion The proposed method can be effectively applied to simultaneous PET imaging with dual PET tracers,reducing the number of scans and costs in time and money,and providing clinical doctors more accurate and abundant diagnostic information.

Objective: The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown and is associated with abnormal spontaneous brain activity. There are no consistent results regarding the change in spontaneous brain activity of people with schizophrenia. In this study, we determined the specific changes in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation/fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF/fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) in patients with drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (Dn-FES). Methods: A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted to find articles on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging using ALFF/fALFF and ReHo in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls (HCs) and then, anatomical/activation likelihood estimation was performed. Results: Eighteen eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis. Compared to the spontaneous brain activity of HCs, we found changes in spontaneous brain activity in Dn-FES based on these two methods, mainly including the frontal lobe, putamen, lateral globus pallidus, insula, cerebellum, and posterior cingulate cortex. Conclusion We found that widespread abnormalities of spontaneous brain activity occur in the early stages of the onset of schizophrenia and may provide a reference for the early intervention of schizophrenia.

Objective To study effect of atypical antipsychotics on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in schizophrenia patients.Methods A total of 104 drug-free schizophrenic patients and 70 healthy controls were recruited.All patients were treated with atypical antipsychotic monotherapy.GDNF serumlevels and psychiatric symptoms were assessed at baseline and at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks of treatment.Results Baseline serum GDNF levels were significantly lower in schizophrenic patients than healthy controls (t =5.596,P ＜ 0.001).GDNF levels gradually increased accompanied by a reduction in psychiatric symptoms during antipsychotic therapy (P ＜ 0.01).The levels of GDNF in responders were significantly changed after treatment (P ＜ 0.01),however,no significant change was found in non-responders (P ＞ 0.05).Furthermore,a negative association between GDNF levels after pharmacotherapy and disease duration in schizophrenic subjects could be observed (r =-0.270,P =0.024).Conclusion The present study suggests that GDNF may be involved in the mechanisms of schizophrenia pathogenesis and pharmacological efficacy.

Objective To study effect of atypical antipsychotics on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in schizophrenia patients.Methods A total of 104 drug-free schizophrenic patients and 70 healthy controls were recruited.All patients were treated with atypical antipsychotic monotherapy.GDNF serumlevels and psychiatric symptoms were assessed at baseline and at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks of treatment.Results Baseline serum GDNF levels were significantly lower in schizophrenic patients than healthy controls (t =5.596,P ＜ 0.001).GDNF levels gradually increased accompanied by a reduction in psychiatric symptoms during antipsychotic therapy (P ＜ 0.01).The levels of GDNF in responders were significantly changed after treatment (P ＜ 0.01),however,no significant change was found in non-responders (P ＞ 0.05).Furthermore,a negative association between GDNF levels after pharmacotherapy and disease duration in schizophrenic subjects could be observed (r =-0.270,P =0.024).Conclusion The present study suggests that GDNF may be involved in the mechanisms of schizophrenia pathogenesis and pharmacological efficacy.

Objective To analyze the correlation between quantitative evaluation of high-resolution CT (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests (PFT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and evaluate the characteristics of PFT in different CT phenotypes of COPD. Methods 65 patients with COPD underwent CT chest scan and PFT. The dimensions of subsubsegmental apical bronchi of right upper lobes were measured , which included the following parameters:airway wall thickness (T), total airway diameter (D), and pulmonary artery (PA), ratio of airway wall thickness and pulmonary artery (T/PA), thickness diameter ratio (TDR), percentage of wall area (WA%) and percentage of airway luminal area (Ai%). The percentage of total lung area occupied by low attenuation area (LAA%) was measured by lung density software. The relationship between the measurements and PFT parameters were analyzed. Patients were classified into three phenotypes based on the presence of emphysema or bronchial wall thickening evaluated by HRCT. Phenotype A: without or with little emphysema (LAA% < 25%), with or without bronchial wall thickening; Phenotype E: emphysema without bronchial wall thickening (LAA%≥25%, T/PA < 30%); Phenotype M: emphysema with bronchial wall thickening (LAA%≥25%, T/PA≥30%). The characteristics of different CT phenotypes were analyzed. Results LAA% had a good correlation with PFT parameters. PA, T/PA, WA% and Ai% also had correlation with PFT parameters. There was 53 patients of Phenotype A, 12 patients of Phenotype M. PA, T/PA, LAA%and PFT were different in two groups. Conclusions LAA%and airway quantitative measurements in HRCT have certain correlation with PFT parameters. Patients with different CT phenotypes differs in PFT parameters , which can provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:to investigate clinical significance of serum and urine NGAL (Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) in the early kidney damage with primary hypertension.Methods:According to UAER ( urinary microalbumin excreting rate ) ,we divided 90 patients with primary hypertension into three groups (<30 mg/24 h,30-300 mg/24 h and >300 mg/24h),and selected 30 healthy people as the control group.Serum and urine NGAL and cystatin C ,serum creatinine,urea nitrogen,high sensitive C reactive protein , transferrin,and basis of blood pressure were detected and followed up one year.Results:Compared with healthy group ,GFR( glomerular filtration rate ) and serum NGAL were decreased significantly in medium and severe proteinuria groups , while urine NGAL was increased.Conclusion:Serum and urine NGAL have been a clear trend changes in kidney damage ,which could be used as a reliable indicator in monitoring renal function of patients with primary hypertension.

Bone metastasis is a common complication in patients with malignant carcinoma. This process involves interactions between metastatic cancer cells and bone microenvironment. The two common pathological types are osteolytic and osteoblastic metastasis. Damage to the bone is closely associated with tumor growth.

Insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ can promote the breast cancer formation, development and metastasis. According to the characteristic of insulin-like growth factor pathway, the inhibition of insulin-like growth factor pathway signaling can inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, which is of great significance for breast cancer prevention and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, cranial perforate-rinse-dram operation and tube drainage were often used in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly, recently,instead of which oxygen-exchange therapy through dural puncture via cranium is more and more used.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability and safety of the new operation-method using oxygen-exchange in treating the older people with chronic subdural hematoma in comparison with traditional cranial perforate-rinse-dram operation.DESIGN: Retrospective case analysis.SETTING: The Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Clinical College of China Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: Eleven male patients (meanly 62 years of age)who had undertaken oxygen-exchange therapy via skull without drain tube in the Department of Neurosurgery, Second Clinical College of China Medical College from January 1997 to December 2004 were enrolled in the study, with an average disease history of 1.5 months. Among them, 10 subjects suffered from head injury to different extent within 7 weeks on average. Main chief complaint was headache, and Unilateral limb asthenia above Ⅳ was found in 5 cases asking for medical service. As shown by CT and MRI, all the subjects were diagnosed as having chronic subdural hematoma located at supratentorium, 5 cases in the right side and 6 in the left side. Volume of hematom was calculated as the following formula: volume of hematom=length×width×number of layers (1 cm thick for one layer). And the range of volume was from 70 mL to 140 mL, and the average value was 105 mL. The hematom in all the cases was found to move to the midline to different extents.METHODS: Patients in lateral recumbent position were undertaken boring at the CT-located thickest area with bone awl of 0.4-0.5 cm under local anesthesia. After boring, 14-size lumbar puncture needle with trochar was used to acupuncture dura mater then moving the needle core so that blood was discharged. Then 10 mL medical oxygen was perfused into the needle guard to cause the blood discharged from hematom again. Oxygen was perfused repetitively, once for 10 mL, till there was no blood flow. Finally, 10 mL oxygen was perfused following moving of trochar and bandaging.Oxygen volume used in each case was recorded. After operation,the volume of normal saline infusion could be increased as large as possible. The duration of infusion was 2 weeks.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Improvement in limb function.RESULTS: All the patients were involved in the result analysis.①Within 24 hours, volume of hematomwas decreased obviously detected with CT, and hematom completely disappeared in 3 cases,which was replaced by oxygen. Three weeks later, all the oxygen was absorbed, the structure of midline was symmetrical and the form of brain ventricles was normal. No pain was found and 5 casesof limb asthenia were also recovered. ②Advantage and disadvantage of foramen-vertebrate oxygen-exchange operation: Advantages were listed as follows: It was simple and spent shorter time,there were few complications, and patients had no limitation in movement after operation. The operation avoided the occurrence of thrombosis of lower limbs. Cranial pressure could not lower quickly. As the pressure resident in envelope, cerebraospinal fluid could not move into the envelope. Along with the absorption of oxygen,hematom was decreased gradually till completely disappeared. Occurrence of clinical symptoms resulting from cerebral blood perfusion was decreased so as to draw rein. The disadvantage of this operation was that it was not suitable for heart disease patients to undertake this operation at bedside, and headache or limb asthenia could not be alleviated immediately.CONCLUSION: The new operation-method of cranial foramen-vertebrate oxygen-exchange to treat chronic subdural hemtoma in the elderly is safe, reliable and feasible through preoperative CT localization.