OBJECTIVE:Disorders in iron metabolism increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Hepcidin play an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis in the body,but its level increases with increased inflammation.Changes in hepcidin and iron homeostasis and the extent of their association with inflammation in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus are unknown.Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effect of inflammation on serum hepcidin and iron metabolism related parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS:CNKI,PubMed,Web of Science and EBSCOhost databases were searched by computer to collect observational studies related to inflammatory index and hepcidin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.The search time was from September 1,2000 to September 30,2024.Three researchers independently screened the literature,extracted data and evaluated the quality of the included literature.Meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3,Stata 17.0 and GraphPad Prism 8.0.2 software.RESULTS:A total of 15 articles(17 studies)involving 3 159 participants,including 1 357 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,were included.Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group,patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had higher levels of serum hepcidin[standardized mean difference(SMD)=0.35,95％confidence interval(CI)(0.05,0.65),P＜0.05],serum ferritin(SMD=0.49,95％CI(0.21,0.78),P＜0.01)and serum transferrin(SMD=0.19,95％CI(0.00,0.37),P＜0.05).Subgroup analysis results indicated that inflammation had a significant effect on serum hepcidin(SMD=0.76,95％CI(0.17,1.34),P＜0.05)and serum ferritin(SMD=0.77,95％CI(0.06,1.47),P＜0.05)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.CONCLUSION:Hepcidin concentration is positively correlated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Inflammation is one of the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Early prevention of inflammation has certain significance in preventing iron metabolism disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE:Disorders in iron metabolism increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Hepcidin play an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis in the body,but its level increases with increased inflammation.Changes in hepcidin and iron homeostasis and the extent of their association with inflammation in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus are unknown.Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effect of inflammation on serum hepcidin and iron metabolism related parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS:CNKI,PubMed,Web of Science and EBSCOhost databases were searched by computer to collect observational studies related to inflammatory index and hepcidin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.The search time was from September 1,2000 to September 30,2024.Three researchers independently screened the literature,extracted data and evaluated the quality of the included literature.Meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3,Stata 17.0 and GraphPad Prism 8.0.2 software.RESULTS:A total of 15 articles(17 studies)involving 3 159 participants,including 1 357 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,were included.Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group,patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had higher levels of serum hepcidin[standardized mean difference(SMD)=0.35,95％confidence interval(CI)(0.05,0.65),P＜0.05],serum ferritin(SMD=0.49,95％CI(0.21,0.78),P＜0.01)and serum transferrin(SMD=0.19,95％CI(0.00,0.37),P＜0.05).Subgroup analysis results indicated that inflammation had a significant effect on serum hepcidin(SMD=0.76,95％CI(0.17,1.34),P＜0.05)and serum ferritin(SMD=0.77,95％CI(0.06,1.47),P＜0.05)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.CONCLUSION:Hepcidin concentration is positively correlated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Inflammation is one of the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Early prevention of inflammation has certain significance in preventing iron metabolism disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective We explored the anti-depressant activity and mechanism of arecoline in vivo in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress.The aim was to explore the possible mechanisms of action,providing experimental evidence for further research into the health benefits of arecoline and theoretical support for the scientific development and utilization of this resource.Methods Sixty quarantine-qualified SPF C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into a control group,model group,fluoxetine group(20 mg/kg),and arecoline low-,medium-,and high-dose groups(10,20,and 40 mg/kg,respectively)according to body mass(n=10 mice per group).The effects of arecoline on the behavior of the mice were evaluated by open-field,tail-suspension,and forced-swimming tests.Serum corticosterone and serum and brain levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay.Malondialdehyde(MDA),catalase(CAT),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),and norepinephrine(NE)levels in brain tissue,and dopamine(DA),gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-10,IL-1β,brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB),and cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB)were detected by Western Blot.Results Arecoline significantly reduced the total distance and average speed of the model mice in open field tests and increased activities,and significantly reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests.Arecoline also significantly decreased serum corticosterone levels,increased SOD and CAT,and decreased MDA levels.5-HT,DA,NE,and GABA levels were significantly increased,and the cytokines TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β were significantly decreased.Expression levels of BDNF,TrkB,and CREB in the brain tissue were significantly increased.Conclusions Research has found that arecoline has a significant antidepressant ability,and its mechanism may be achieved by reducing oxidative stress damage,inhibiting neuroinflammation,regulating neurotransmitter balance,and regulating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway..This study explored the antidepressant efficacy of arecoline and preliminarily revealed its possible regulatory mechanism,which can provide data support for the neuroactivity of arecoline and lay a theoretical foundation for the development of arecoline as medicine.

Objective : To explore whether chrysophanol(CHR) affects macrophage polarization by promoting mitochondrial biosynthesis through AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. Methods : The molecular docking and binding ability of CHR with AMPK and PGC-1α were predicted by Autodock vina software. Human monocytes(THP-1) were induced to M0 macrophages by phorbol myristate acetate(PMA), and to M1 macrophages by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) combined with interferon-γ(IFN-γ), which were set as Control group. M1 macrophages treated with CHR were set as CHR group. M1 macrophages treated with CHR combined with AMPK inhibitor(Compound C) were set as CHR+Compound C group. The mRNA expression levels of M1 macrophage markers(iNOS, CD86) and mitochondrial biosynthesis related genes(PGC-1α, NFR-1, TFAM) were detected by Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). The expression level of M1 macrophage marker iNOS was detected by immunofluorescence. The protein expression levels of AMPK, p-AMPK and PGC-1α were detected by Western blot. Results : The docking results showed that the binding energies of CHR with AMPK and PGC-1α were-8.4 kcal/mol and-7.4 kcal/mol, respectively. qRT-PCR results showed that the in vitro model of M1 macrophages was successfully established. Compared with the Control group, CHR treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of mitochondrial biosynthesis-related genes PGC-1α, NFR-1, and TFAM(P<0.001). Compared with CHR treatment group, CHR combined with Compound C treatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial biosynthesis-related genes PGC-1α, NFR-1, and TFAM(P<0.05). Immunofluorescence results showed that CHR treatment inhibited the protein expression of iNOS compared with the Control group(P<0.001). Compared with CHR treatment group,CHR combined with Compound C treatment reversed the inhibitory effect of CHR on i NOS protein expression(P<0.05). Western blot results showed that compared with the Control group,the CHR treatment group had significant increase in the protein expression levels of p-AMPK and PGC-1α(P<0.001).Compared with CHR treatment group,CHR combined with Compound C treatment significantly decreased the protein expression levels of p-AMPK and PGC-1α(P<0.05). Conclusion Chrysophanol may inhibit macrophage polarization to M1 by activating AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway to promote mitochondrial biosynthesis.

With the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques, laparoscopic surgery is increasingly widely applied in the treatment of hepatobiliary duct stones because it can bringing faster recovery for patients with less trauma. However, due to differences in disease understanding, treatment concepts, and technical levels among different centers, the development of laparoscopic surgery for hepatolithiasis is uneven, mainly manifested in the lack of uniformity in the grasp of surgical indications, evaluation of treatment effects, and mastery of operative techniques. Complex hepatolithiasis laparoscopic surgery often involves steps such as dissection of adhesions, liver resection, biliary exploration and resection, and reconstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, which requires the surgeon to have a deep technical knowledge. The surgeon also needs to master skills such as choledochoscope, intraoperative ultrasound, and percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic lithotomy. This article will introduce the current status of laparoscopic surgery for hepatolithiasis from the perspectives of surgical indications, surgical strategies and methods.

Tibial spine fractures (TSFs) is a special type of intra-articular fracture, which is more common in children and adolescents. In recent years, the incidence of avulsion fractures in adults have been on the rise with the increase in road traffic injuries and sports injuries such as skiing. Once a fracture occurs, aggressive clinical interventions are needed to avoid joint dysfunction. According to the Meyers-McKeever classification, TSFs can be classified into types I-IV, and with the development of magnetic resonance imaging technology and the increase in the understanding of concomitant injuries of fractures, a new classification system has been proposed. The treatment modalities for different fracture types and concomitant injuries are different, and the type of internal fixation material to be used for the same type of fracture is also controversial. Based on this, this article reviews three aspects of fracture diagnosis and classification, associated injuries, and treatment, taking into account the new research advances on TSFs in recent years.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of knee arthroscopy with wire anchor nailing composite double pulley technique in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tibial avulsion fracture involving the anterior root of the lateral meniscus (LM). METHODS: Clinical data of 35 patients with ACL tibial avulsion fracture involving the anterior root of the LM admitted between January 2019 and September 2023 and met the selection criteria were retrospectively analysed. There were 20 males and 15 females; ages ranged from 10 to 57 years, with a mean of 29 years. The time from injury to surgery ranged from 3 to 20 days, with a mean of 9.6 days. Meyers-McKeever classification included 5 cases of type Ⅱ, 12 cases of type Ⅲ, and 18 cases of type Ⅳ. Preoperative anterior knee instability Lachman test and anterior drawer test were positive. The anterior root of the LM as well as the avulsion fracture block were fixed using suture anchor nails compounded with double pulley technique under arthroscopy. Postoperative X-ray films were performed to assess fracture healing; knee stability was assessed using the anterior drawer test and Lachman test, anterior laxity of the knee was measured by KT-2000, and knee function was assessed using the Lysholm score and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score; at last follow-up, the recovery of the meniscus was assessed using the McMurry test and knee hyperextension test. RESULTS: All the patients were successfully operated, the operation time ranged from 56 to 78 minutes,with an average of 67.6 minutes, and there was no nerve or blood vessel injury during operation. Thirty-five cases were followed up 12-18 months with an average of 15.1 months. During the follow-up, there was no infection, knee stiffness, loosening of internal fixation, fracture displacement, or re-fracture. The fractures all healed, with a clinical healing time of 8-15 weeks, averaging 10.9 weeks. At last follow-up, 4 patients had weakly positive anterior drawer test and Lachman test, and the rest were negative; McMurry test and knee hyperextension test were negative; no patient complained of knee extension pain or straightening obstacles, and all the patients resumed their normal life or sports and labour; 16 patients with unclosed epiphyses did not have any epiphyseal injuries or growth disorders. Lysholm score, IKDC score, and KT-2000 anterior knee laxity at last follow-up significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION The treatment of ACL tibial avulsion fracture involving the anterior root of the LM with suture anchor composite double pulley technique can effectively fix the anterior root of the LM while fixing the avulsion fracture block, and better restore the function and stability of the knee joint.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Arthroscopy/methods* ; Adolescent ; Retrospective Studies ; Tibial Fractures/surgery* ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Fractures, Avulsion/surgery* ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Child ; Treatment Outcome ; Suture Anchors ; Menisci, Tibial/surgery* ; Tibial Meniscus Injuries/surgery* ; Bone Nails ; Knee Joint/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To explore decompression strategies for lateral lumbar spinal stenosis under unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) assistance. METHODS: A clinical data of 86 patients with lateral lumbar stenosis treated with UBE-assisted intervertebral decompression between September 2022 and December 2023 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 42 males and 44 females with an average age of 63.6 years (range, 45-79 years). The disease duration ranged from 6 to 14 months (mean, 8.5 months). Surgical levels included L _{2, 3} in 3 cases, L _{3, 4} in 26 cases, L _{4, 5} in 42 cases, and L ₅, S ₁ in 15 cases. According to Lee's grading system, there were 21 cases of grade 1, 37 cases of grade 2, and 28 cases of grade 3 for lumbar spinal stenosis. Based on the location of stenosis and clinical symptoms, the 33 cases underwent interlaminar approach, 7 cases underwent interlaminar approach with auxiliary third incision, 26 cases underwent contralateral inclinatory approach, and 20 cases underwent paraspinal approach; then, the corresponding decompression procedures were performed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate lower back/leg pain before operation and at 1 and 3 months after operation, while Oswestry disability index (ODI) was used to evaluate spinal function. At 3 months after operation, the effectiveness was evaluated using the modified MacNab evaluation criteria. The spinal stenosis and decompression were evaluated based on Lee's grading system using lumbar MRI before operation and at 3 months after operation. RESULTS: All procedures were successfully completed with mean operation time of 95.1 minutes (range, 57-166 minutes). Dural tears occurred in 2 cases treated with interlaminar approach with auxiliary third incision. All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 3-10 months (mean, 5.9 months). The clinical symptoms of the patients relieved to varying degrees. The VAS scores and ODI of lower back and leg pain at 1 and 3 months after operation significantly improved compared to preoperative levels ( P<0.05), and the indicators at 3 months significantly improved than that at 1 month ( P<0.05). According to the modified MacNab evaluation criteria, the effectiveness at 3 months after operation was rated as excellent in 52 cases, good in 21 cases, and poor in 13 cases, with an excellent and good rate of 84.9%. No lumbar instability was detected on flexion-extension X-ray films during follow-up. The Lee's grading of lateral lumbar stenosis at 2 days after operation showed significant improvement compared to preoperative grading ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION For lateral lumbar spinal stenosis, UBE-assisted decompression of the spinal canal requires the selection of interlaminar approach, interlaminar approach with auxiliary third incision, contralateral inclinatory approach, and paraspinal approach based on preoperative imaging findings and clinical symptoms to achieve better effectiveness.
Humans ; Spinal Stenosis/diagnostic imaging* ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Decompression, Surgical/methods* ; Aged ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Endoscopy/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Objective We explored the anti-depressant activity and mechanism of arecoline in vivo in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress.The aim was to explore the possible mechanisms of action,providing experimental evidence for further research into the health benefits of arecoline and theoretical support for the scientific development and utilization of this resource.Methods Sixty quarantine-qualified SPF C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into a control group,model group,fluoxetine group(20 mg/kg),and arecoline low-,medium-,and high-dose groups(10,20,and 40 mg/kg,respectively)according to body mass(n=10 mice per group).The effects of arecoline on the behavior of the mice were evaluated by open-field,tail-suspension,and forced-swimming tests.Serum corticosterone and serum and brain levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay.Malondialdehyde(MDA),catalase(CAT),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),and norepinephrine(NE)levels in brain tissue,and dopamine(DA),gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-10,IL-1β,brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB),and cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB)were detected by Western Blot.Results Arecoline significantly reduced the total distance and average speed of the model mice in open field tests and increased activities,and significantly reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests.Arecoline also significantly decreased serum corticosterone levels,increased SOD and CAT,and decreased MDA levels.5-HT,DA,NE,and GABA levels were significantly increased,and the cytokines TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β were significantly decreased.Expression levels of BDNF,TrkB,and CREB in the brain tissue were significantly increased.Conclusions Research has found that arecoline has a significant antidepressant ability,and its mechanism may be achieved by reducing oxidative stress damage,inhibiting neuroinflammation,regulating neurotransmitter balance,and regulating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway..This study explored the antidepressant efficacy of arecoline and preliminarily revealed its possible regulatory mechanism,which can provide data support for the neuroactivity of arecoline and lay a theoretical foundation for the development of arecoline as medicine.

Objective:To investigate the effects of carnosine(CAR)on the spatial learning and memory abilities of rats with vascular cognitive impairment(VCI),and to explore the roles of the Akt/mTOR pathway and autophagy in this process.Methods:Fifty male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into sham-operated(Sham)group,VCI group,VCI+CAR-L group,VCI+CAR-M group,and VCI+CAR-H group.The spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were evaluated by the Morris water maze experiment;Nissl staining was used to detect the damage in the hippocampal CA1 region;the nitroblue tetrazolium and thiobarbituric acid methods were used to measure the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA)content in hippocampal tissue;Western Blot was performed to determine the expression of p-Akt,p-mTOR,Beclin-1,and LC3B proteins,and immunofluorescent staining was con-ducted to detect changes in LC3B expression in the CA1 region.SH-SY5Y cells were divided into control group,oxy-gen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R)group,OGD/R+rapamycin(RAPA),OGD/R+CAR(1.2 mmol/L)group,and OGD/R+CAR+RAPA group.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was used to detect neuronal survival rate;Western Blot was used to detect the levels of p-mTOR,Beclin-1,and LC3B in neuronal cells;immunofluorescent stai-ning was performed to assess the degree of autophagy.Results:CAR could improve the learning and memory abilities of VCI rats,reduce hippocampal tissue cell damage,and inhibit oxidative stress(P＜0.01).CAR increased the expres-sion of p-Akt,p-mTOR,and p62 proteins(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05)and decreased the expression of Beclin-1 and the ra-tio of LC3B Ⅱ/Ⅰ(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).CAR significantly increased the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells after OGD/R(P＜0.01)and inhibited autophagy in hippocampal neurons.Furthermore,the intervention with RAPA counteracted the therapeutic effect of CAR,reduced the survival rate of SH-SY5Y groups(P＜0.01),and enhanced autophagy.Conclusion:CAR can improve rat VCI injury,and its mechanism may involve inhibiting oxidative stress,activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in neuronal cells,and thereby inhibiting excessive autophagy to exert a protective effect.